1. Realtime Recognition of Orchestral Instruments Ichiro Fujinaga McGill University

2. Overview  Introduction  Lazy learning (exemplar-based learning) k-NN classifier Genetic algorithm Features  Results  Conclusions

3. Introduction  Realtime recognition of isolated monophonic orchestral instruments  Spectrum analysis by Miller Puckette’s fiddle~  Adaptive system based on a exemplar- based classifier and a genetic algorithm

4. Overall Architecture Data Acquisition & Data Analysis (fiddle) Recognition K-NN Classifier Output Instrument Name Knowledge Base Feature Vectors Genetic Algorithm K-NN Classifier Best Weight Vector Live mic Input Sound file Input Off-line

5. Exemplar-based learning The exemplar-based learning model is based on the idea that objects are categorized by their similarity to one or more stored examples There is much evidence from psychological studies to support exemplar-based categorization by humans This model differs both from rule-based or prototype- based (neural nets) models of concept formation in that it assumes no abstraction or generalizations of concepts This model can be implemented using k-nearest neighbor classifier and is further enhanced by application of a genetic algorithm

6. Exemplar-based categorization  Objects are categorized by their similarity to one or more stored examples  No abstraction or generalizations, unlike rule-based or prototype-based models of concept formation  Can be implemented using k-nearest neighbor classifier  Slow and large storage requirements?

7. Exemplar-based learning The exemplar-based learning model is based on the idea that objects are categorized by their similarity to one or more stored examples There is much evidence from psychological studies to support exemplar-based categorization by humans This model differs both from rule-based or prototype- based (neural nets) models of concept formation in that it assumes no abstraction or generalizations of concepts This model can be implemented using k-nearest neighbor classifier and is further enhanced by application of a genetic algorithm

8. K-nearest-neighbor classifier  Determine the class of a given sample by its feature vector: Distances between feature vectors of an unclassified sample and previously classified samples are calculated The class represented by the majority of k- nearest neighbors is then assigned to the unclassified sample

9. Example of k-NN classifier

13. Distance measures  The distance in a N-dimensional feature space between two vectors X and Y can be defined as:  A weighted distance can be defined as:

14. Genetic algorithms  Optimization based on biological evolution  Maintenance of population using selection, crossover, and mutation  Chromosomes = weight vectors  Fitness function = recognition rate  Leave-one-out cross validation

15. Features  Static features (per window) pitch mass or the integral of the curve (zeroth-order moment) centroid (first-order moment) variance (second-order central moment) skewness (third-order central moment) amplitudes of the harmonic partials number of strong harmonic partials spectral irregularity tristimulus  Dynamic features means and velocities of static features over time

16. Data  Original source: McGill Master Samples  Over 1300 notes from 39 different timbres (23 orchestral instruments)  Spectrum analysis by fiddle (2048 points)  First 46–232ms of attack (1–9 windows)  Each analysis window (46 ms) consists of a list of amplitudes and frequencies of the peaks in the spectra

17. Results  Experiment I SHARC data static features  Experiment II fiddle dynamic features  Experiment III more features redefinition of attack point

18. Conclusions  Realtime timbre recognition system  Analysis by Puckette’s fiddle  Recognition using dynamic features  Adaptive recognizer by k-NN classifier enhanced with genetic algorithm  A successful implementation of exemplar-based classifier in a time- critical environment

19. Future research  Performer identification  Speaker identification  Tone-quality analysis  Multi-instrument recognition  Expert recognition of timbre

20. Recognition rate for different lengths of analysis window

21. Comparison with Human Performance