1. CHAPTER 21
THE GENETIC
BASIS OF
DEVELOPMENT

2. Cleavage of frog embryos and a tadpole
Cell division---differentiation---morphogenesis

3. apical meristems-perpetually embryonic regions

5. C. elegans a nematode worm; easily grown in lab; transparent body with few cell types; hermaphrodites; have a complete cell lineage

6. Cell lineage in C. elegans

7. Mus musculus-familiar genome is sequenced

8. Danio rerio-a zebra fish—easily breed in the lab; transparent embryos develop outside the mother’s body; early stages of development are quick

9. Arabidopsis - Quick growing wall cress plant
8-10 weeks life cycle; each flower makes eggs and sperm; its genome has been sequenced; cells will take up DNA; small genome

10. Cloning of a carrot
Many somatic cells apical meristems of a plant remain totipotent and thus a clone can be produced from one of them.

11. Nuclear transplantation
Undifferentiated cell
Nuclear transplantation

12. semistarvation

13. Dolly and her
surrogate mother

15. Cloned from a kidney cell from a cadaver

19. Adult Stem Cells
Hematopoietic stem cells give rise to all the types of blood cells: red blood cells, B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, natural killer cells, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, macrophages, and platelets.
Bone marrow stromal cells (mesenchymal stem cells) give rise to a variety of cell types: bone cells (osteocytes), cartilage cells (chondrocytes), fat cells (adipocytes), and other kinds of connective tissue cells such as those in tendons.
neural stem cells in the brain give rise to its three major cell types: nerve cells (neurons) and two categories of non-neuronal cells—astrocytes and oligodendrocytes.

20. Epithelial stem cells in the lining of the digestive tract occur in deep crypts and give rise to several cell types: absorptive cells, goblet cells, and enteroendocrine cells.
Skin stem cells occur in the basal layer of the epidermis and at the base of hair follicles. The epidermal stem cells give rise to keratinocytes, which migrate to the surface of the skin and form a protective layer. The follicular stem cells can give rise to both the hair follicle and to the epidermis.

21. Adult Stem Cells Embryonic Stem Cells
Cancers:
Brain Cancer NONE
Retinoblastoma Ovarian Cancer
Skin Cancer: Merkel Cell Carcinoma Testicular Cancer
Tumors abdominal organs Lymphoma Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia
Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukemia Chronic Myelomonocytic Leukemia
Cancer of the lymph nodes: Angioimmunoblastic Lymphadenopathy
Multiple Myeloma Myelodysplasia
Breast Cancer Neuroblastoma
Renal Cell Carcinoma Various Solid Tumors
Soft Tissue Sarcoma Ewing’s Sarcoma
Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis
POEMS syndrome Myelofibrosis
Auto-Immune Diseases Sjogren’s Syndrome
Systemic Lupus Myasthenia
Autoimmune Cytopenia Scleromyxedema
Scleroderma Crohn’s Disease
Behcet’s Disease Rheumatoid Arthritis
Juvenile Arthritis Multiple Sclerosis
Polychondritis Systemic Vasculitis
Alopecia Universalis Buerger’s Disease
Cardiovascular
Acute Heart Damage
Chronic Coronary Artery Disease Ocular Corneal regeneration Immunodeficiencies
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Syndrome X-linked Lymphoproliferative Syndrome
X-linked Hyper immunoglobulin M Syndrome Neural Degenerative Diseases and Injuries
Parkinson’s Disease Spinal Cord Injury
Stroke Damage Anemias and Other Blood Conditions
Sickle Cell Anemia Sideroblastic Anemia
Aplastic Anemia Red Cell Aplasia
Amegakaryocytic Thrombocytopenia Thalassemia
Primary Amyloidosis Diamond Blackfan Anemia
Fanconi’s Anemia Chronic Epstein-Barr Infection
Wounds and Injuries Limb Gangrene Surface Wound Healing
Jawbone Replacement Skull Bone Repair Other Metabolic Disorders
Hurler’s Syndrome Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Krabbe Leukodystrophy Osteopetrosis
Cerebral X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy
Liver Disease Chronic Liver Failure Liver Cirrhosis
Bladder Disease End-Stage Bladder Disease

22. Determination-expression of a master control gene myoD-sets the fate of a cell causing a specific differentiation-expression of genes that encode tissue-specific proteins

23. cytoplasmic determinants maternal substances in the cytoplasm of the egg that regulate gene expression

24. Induction-movement of signal molecules from nearby cells

25. Key developmental events in the life cycle of a fruit fly
Pattern formation-tissues and organs are all in their characteristic places
molecular clues that control pattern formation are called positional information tell a cell its location relative to the body axes and to neighboring cells

26. embryonic lethals-mutations affecting a fundamental process in an embryo
maternal effects genes-when mutant in the mother, results in a mutant phenotype
egg-polarity genes-maternal effect genes that control the orientation of the egg
bicoid gene-sets the anterior end of the fly
morphogens-substances whose gradients establish an embryo’s axes and other major factors

28. homeotic genes-the master regulatory genes that set the anatomical identity of the segments determine what appendages will be produced on a segment

29. Homologous genes that affect pattern formation in a fruit fly and a mouse
homeobox-180-nucleotide sequence found in the homeotic genes of many species
each of these boxes contains a homeobox

30. Homeobox-containing genes as switches

32. Apoptosis

39. Miniature front legs

40. Missing eye

49. Pudgy

50. Ruby eye

51. Stargazer

52. Ulnaless

53. Ulnaless

54. Nude Mouse