1. Axial Skeleton Includes: 80 bones Skull (22 bones) Hyoid bone
Auditory ossicles (6)
Vertebral Column (26 vertebrae in adults)
Thorax (12 pair of ribs/sternum)

2. Skull 8 cranial bones which enclose and protect the brain
Two parietal, two temporal, frontal, occipital, sphenoid and ethmoid
14 facial bones
two nasal, two maxillae, two zygomatic, two palatine, two lacrimal, two inferior nasal conchae, mandible, vomer

3. Function Besides protection of the brain, cranial bones function to:
Stabilize the position of the brain, blood vessels and nerves (by attachment to inner surfaces of bones)
Provide large areas of attachment for muscles that move the head (by attachment to outer surfaces of bones)
Facial bones protect and provide support for entrances to the digestive and respiratory systems; also provide attachment for some muscles involved in facial expressions.

4. Details on Temporal bone markings
External auditory meatus = canal in the temporal bone that leads to the middle ear.
Mastoid process = rounded projection on temporal bone that serves as attachment site for neck muscles.
Styloid process = projects downward from undersurface of temporal bone and serves as attachment site for muscles of tongue and neck
Mandibular fossa = forms a joint with condylar process of mandible

5. Carotid foramen – hole in temporal bone through which carotid artery passes.

6. Details on Occipital bone markings
Foramen magnum= largest foramen in skull; medulla oblongata of the brain connects to spinal cord through this foramen
Occipital condyles= oval processes on either side of foramen magnum that articulate with the first cervical vertebra.

7. Details on Sphenoid bone markings
Articulates with all the other cranial bones, holding them together
Sella turcica = depression on superior surface of sphenoid bone which surrounds the pituitary gland
Foramen ovale = mandibular nerve passes through
Optic foramen= optic nerve passes through

8. Details on Ethmoid bone markings
Ethmoid bone contains 3-18 air spaces that form the ethmoidal sinuses
Perpendicular plate= forms upper part of nasal septum
Cribriform plate = forms roof of nasal cavity
Olfactory foramina= fibers of the olfactory nerve pass through
Crista galli= serves as point of attachment for the meninges.
Superior nasal concha and Middle nasal concha = cause turbulence in inhaled air which cleanses air before it passes into the rest of the respiratory tract.

10. Details on Facial bone markings:
Mandible= largest, strongest facial bone; only movable skull bone; contains the condylar process which articulates with the manidibular fossa of temporal bone to form the Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ).
Mental foramen = holes in mandible that dentists use to reach the mental nerve when injecting anesthetics

11. Temporomandibular Joint syndrome
TMJ syndrome is characterized by dull pain around ear, tenderness of jaw muscles, clicking or popping noise when opening or closing mouth.
Caused by improperly aligned teeth, trauma to head/neck, or arthritis

12. Vomer = triangular bone on floor of nasal cavity; one of the components of nasal septum (divides the nasal cavity into right and left sides)
Nasal Septum = formed by vomer, septal cartilage and perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone

13. Paranasal Sinuses
Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity
Named for their locations in bones of the same name
Functions :
Lighten the skull
Give resonance and amplification to voice

14. The Hyoid Bone
The only bone that does not articulate with another bone
Serves as a moveable base for the tongue

15. The Fetal Skull
The fetal skull is large compared to the infants total body length
Fontanelles – fibrous membranes connecting the cranial bones
Allow the brain to grow
Convert to bone within 24 months after birth

16. The Vertebral Column
Consists of 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar vertebrae; sacrum and coccyx
Vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs
Each vertebrae is given a name according to its location

17. Structure of a Typical Vertebrae
Body= weight bearing part
Vertebral arch= formed by lamina and pedicles
Vertebral foramen= spaced between the vertebral arch and the body; contains the spinal cord
Seven processes serve as points of muscle attachment or form joints with other vertebrae
Know Spinous process and Transverse process

18. Characteristics of Cervical Vertebrae
Atlas (C1) – superior articular facets articulate with occipital condyles of skull and allow nodding motion of head
Characteristics of Cervical Vertebrae

19. Axis (C2) – Dens (odontoid process) extends superiorly into vertebral foramen of atlas and allows the atlas to pivot in a “no” type movement. . Dens can get shoved into the medulla oblongata (brain stem) during head trauma.

20. All cervical vertebrae have 3 foramen: vertebral and two transverse foramen which allow passage of arteries, veins and nerves to and from brain

21. Characteristics of Thoracic Vertebrae
Thoracic – have a mid-sized body and a long, narrow spinous process which slants inferiorly at a sharp angle; facets on transverse processes articulate with ribs

22. Characteristics of Lumbar Vertebrae
Lumbar – have largest bodies to support the most weight; thick, moose-head shaped spinous processes

23. Abnormal Spinal Curvatures

24. Thoracic Cage Forms a cage to protect major organs
Made-up of three parts
Sternum
Ribs
Thoracic vertebrae

25. Sternum Narrow flat bone consisting of 3 parts:
Manubrium- articulates with clavicles and 1st and 2nd ribs
Body – articulates with 2nd – 10th ribs (directly or indirectly)
Xiphoid process – doesn’t ossify until about age 40.

26. Ribs
True Ribs – 1st – 7th pairs; have direct attachment to sternum by hyaline cartilage
False Ribs – 8th – 12th pairs; attach indirectly to sternum or not at all
11th and 12th pair of ribs are also called floating ribs because they do not attach to sternum at all.