1. Island Biogeography

4. MacArthur and Wilson concluded: 1.Small islands have fewer species because equilibrium species number is set at a lower level by the balance of immigration and extinction – this is a dynamic equilibrium 2.Small islands are more isolated so that after extinction, the rate of replenishment is lower for them

5. Krakatau – before and after 1883 eruption

7. Aerial photo of Anak Krakatau and Krakatau

8. Krakatau today

10. Mangrove islands off the Florida coast

11. Mangrove Island Close-Up

12. Dan Simberloff on Mandolin Nick Gotelli on Guitar

13. Simberloff’s defaunation experiment on Mangroves

15. Results from Simberloff’s Experiment

16. Results from Simberloff’s Experiment pt. 2

17. Island Effect Why are there fewer species on islands than on equal sized areas of mainland? Differences purely to area? Differences due to mainland having more complex habitat?

18. Bracken Fern

19. Bracken Fern - Australia

20. Number of species found on Bracken Fern

21. Speciation on Islands Honeyeaters

22. Picture Winged Drosophila

23. Picture Winged Drosophila – more than 500 species from 1 ancestor

24. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x- r_YhATOYA&list=PL6C606070246F1C81 &index=6http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x- r_YhATOYA&list=PL6C606070246F1C81 &index=6

25. Cichlid Diversity

26. African Rift Lakes

27. Cichlids from Lake Tanganyika (left) and Lake Malawi (right)

28. Age of African Rift Lakes Lake Tanganyika – 12 million years old; about 250 species of cichlids; 80% endemic Lake Malawi – 5 million years old; about 700 species of cichlids; again 80% endemic Lake Victoria – 250,000 to 750,000 years old; about 400 species of cichlids – over 80% endemic

29. The dodo What makes species vulnerable to extinction?

31. What makes some populations or species vulnerable to extinction?

32. Rare species are more vulnerable to extinction Remember Rabinowitz – three factors determine rarity: 1.Geographic range 2.Width of habitat use 3.Local population size

33. Passenger pigeon

34. Passenger pigeon

35. Allee Effect Some species have a minimum requirement for population size in order to successfully breed

36. Characteristics that predispose species to becoming extinct 1. habitat overlap - the species occupy habitat that is desirable to humans and lose out in competition with humans for the habitat - tallgrass prairie species 2. human attention - species suffer because singled out by humans - either desired as food or fur and hunted heavily (passenger pigeon, dodo, northern elephant seal); or disliked by humans and killed as varmints (wolves, African wild dogs) 3. large home range requirements - animals needing large areas can’t find large enough areas in human dominated landscape - California condor, polar bear 4. limited adaptability and resilience - salmon return to natal stream to reproduce; won’t go elsewhere

37. Habitat overlap – Konza Prairie, Kansas

38. Human attention – African wild dog

39. Large Home Range Requirements - California Condor

40. Limited adaptability and resilience - Coho salmon

41. Salmon Life Cycle

42. Coho Salmon support 137 species

43. Additional factors Species in which population size is declining Animal species with large bodies Species that are not effective dispersers Seasonal migrants Species with little genetic variability Species with specialized niche requirements Species usually found in stable, pristine environments Species that form permanent or temporary aggregations Species that have not had previous contact with people Species closely related to other species that have gone extinct or that are endangered

44. Species in population decline – barn owls

45. Species with large home ranges – Polar bear

46. Animals with large bodies

47. Species that are not effective dispersers - Freshwater Mussels

48. Seasonal migrants such as Blackpoll Warbler

49. Species with little genetic variability – Madagascar fish eagle

50. Species with specialized niche requirements – hummingbird flower mites

51. Species usually found in stable, pristine environments

52. Species that form permanent or temporary aggregations

53. Species with little or no prior contact with people – Western Australia flora

54. Species related to other extinct or endangered species - Cranes

57. Worldwide Endangered Species

58. Endangered tree species - worldwide

59. Rare and Endangered Species in Japan

60. Endangered species in Canada and the US – as of 1990’s

61. Threatened and Endangered Species

62. Threatened And Endangered Species in Illinois

63. Four-toed salamander – found at Green Oaks