1. EARTHQUAKES: WHY? AND HOW?

2. EARTHQUAKES Caused by plate tectonic stresses sudden movement or shaking of the Earth Located at plate boundaries Resulting in breakage of the Earth’s brittle crust

3. PLATE TECTONIC STRESSES faults (= cracks where plate sections are moving in different directions)Plate boundaries and faults (= cracks where plate sections are moving in different directions) cause friction as plates move Plates in a fault zone have STICK-SLIP motion –Periods of no movement (stick) and fast movement (slip) –Energy stored as plates stick, –Energy released as plates slip

4. EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE LandslidesLandslides Building damageBuilding damage LiquefactionLiquefactionLiquefaction

5. EARTHQUAKE DAMAGE Most caused by SURFACE waves (arrive last)

6. EARTHQUAKE WAVES FOCUS = place deep within the Earth and along the fault where rupture occursFOCUS = place deep within the Earth and along the fault where rupture occurs EPICENTER = geographic point on surface directly above focusEPICENTER = geographic point on surface directly above focus SEISMIC WAVESSEISMIC WAVES produced by the release of energy –move out in circles from the point of rupture (focus) –2 types: surface & body (travel inside & through earth’s layers) P waves: back and forth movement of rock; travel through solid/liquid/gas S waves: sideways movement of rock; travel through solids only

7. EARTHQUAKE WAVES 3 types of seismic waves show up on seismogram3 types of seismic waves show up on seismogram –P waves: shake earth in same direction as wave; travel through solid, liquid, gas –S waves: Shake earth sideways to wave direction; travel through solids only –Surface waves: circular movement of rock; travel on surface – cause most damage!!

8. EARTHQUAKE WAVES P waves move through solids & liquids S waves move through solids only!!!

9. EARTHQUAKE WAVES Body P wavesS waves waves AKA Moves through Movement of rock Primary (1st to arrive) Longitudinal, Compression all states of matter (solid, liquid, gas) back and forth movement of rock push/pull or compression/stretch out Vibration is same as the direction of travel Secondary (2nd to arrive - larger) Transverse, Shear Can go through solids only Move sideways perpendicular to direction of wave travel Like snake

10. EARTHQUAKE WAVES Lets test your understanding!! Is this a P or an S wave? P wave! S Wave

11. EARTHQUAKE WAVES Seismographs record earthquake waves Seismograms show: Amplitude of seismic waves (how much rock moves or vibrates)Amplitude of seismic waves (how much rock moves or vibrates) Distance to the epicenterDistance to the epicenter (indirectly) (indirectly)

12. DISTANCE TO THE EPICENTER Difference in time of arrival between S&P wave  distance to the epicenter Difference in time of arrival between S&P wave  distance to the epicenter Time-Travel Chart (in ESRT): matching time difference provides the distance Small time difference Small time difference  close to epicenter close to epicenter Large time difference Large time difference  far from epicenter far from epicenter What you need: Estimate the time of arrival of the P and S waveEstimate the time of arrival of the P and S wave Subtract to get time differenceSubtract to get time difference

13. HOW TO READ SEISMOGRAMS P & S (body waves) move through earth & arrive first P & S waves used to calculate magnitude of earthquake and distance to the epicenter Examples (you try it!)