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Chapter 19 Pg. 526 Earthquakes
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Vocabulary Deformation- The bending, tilting, and breaking of Earth’s crust. Stress- The total force acting on crustal rocks per unit of area. Strain- The deformation of material in response to stress. Fault- A fracture along which crust move.
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Movement- Pulled away from each other
Boundary- Divergent Stress- Tension Fault- Normal Normal faults commonly form at divergent boundaries, where the crust is being pulled apart by tension.
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Movement- Push together
Boundary- Convergent Stress- Compression Fault- Reverse Reverse faults normally form at convergent plate boundaries, where the crust is being pushed together by compression.
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Movement- Moves side-by-side
Boundary- Transform Stress- Shear Fault- Strike-Slip Strike-slip faults normally occur along transform plate boundaries, where the crust is moving side-by-side by shear stress.
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How and Where Earthquake Happen
Earthquakes occur when rocks under stress suddenly shift along a fault. Vibration of Earth caused by the release of energy by the movement of the fault or plate. Associated with movements along faults and plate boundaries
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Vocabulary Focus- The exact point underground where the energy is released. Where the earthquake starts. Epicenter- The point of Earth’s surface directly above the focus.
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Primary (P) Wave Primary waves are a type of body wave (travel inside Earth). Primary waves are the fastest waves and are the first to reach seismic stations. Push-pull motion (compressional waves) Travels through solids, liquids, & gases
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Secondary (S) Wave Secondary waves are a type of body wave (travel inside Earth). Secondary waves are the 2nd fastest waves and are second to reach seismic stations. “side-to-side” motion (sheer waves) travels only through solids
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Love and Rayleigh Waves
Love and Rayleigh waves are a type of surface wave (travel on Earth’s surface). Very destructive seismic waves. Slow moving seismic waves Love waves are surface waves that cause rock to move side-to-side and perpendicular to the direction of the wave. Rayleigh waves are surface waves cause the ground to move with an elliptical, rolling motion.
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