1. Factors affecting Solubility
Get out your lab to complete it

2. Solutions are Mixtures

3. The Solution Process
Factors Affecting the Rate of Dissolving

4. 1) Crushing/Grinding
It reduces the particle size and increases the surface area of the solute exposed to the solvent

5. 2) Agitation (stirring) - Brings “fresh” solvent into contact with the solute. (more collisions)

6. 3) Heating the solvent- Increases the kinetic energy (moving faster) of the solvent molecules causing more frequent collisions between the solvent and solute.

7. Solubility and Factors affecting solubility
Solubility- the amount of a substance required to form a saturated solution with a specific amount of solvent at a specific temp.
ex: the solubility of sugar in water is 204 g/100 ml of water at 20oC.

8. The Solution Process
Consider a sugar solute with a solubility (s) of 204 g per 100ml water. The volume in the diagram is 50 mL. 
80g/50ml 102 g/50ml 120g/50ml

9. The Solution Process
1) Saturated solution- a solution that contains the maximum amount of dissolved solute (solubility=204g/100ml)
80g/50ml 102 g/50ml 120g/50ml

10. The Solution Process
2) Unsaturated solution- a solution that contains less solute than a saturated solution (solubility=204g/100ml)
80g/50ml g/50ml 120g/50ml

11. The Solution Process
3) Supersaturated solution- a solution that contains more solute than a saturated solution at the same conditions (solubility=204g/100ml)
80g/50ml g/50ml g/50ml

12. Miscibilty

13. The Solution Process
Different solvents have the ability to dissolve different amounts of solute.
The key is the nature of the solute and the nature of the solvent.

14. C. “Like dissolves like”-
The Solution Process
C. “Like dissolves like”-
solubility of a substance is related to the nature of the solvent.

15. NATURE OF THE SOLUTE POLAR WILL DISSOLVE: NONPOLAR WILL DISSOLVE:
Polar substances
Ionic compounds
Nonpolar molecules
 covalent compounds
Alcohols

16. The Solution Process
1) “like dissolves like”- like refers to the polarity of the solute and solvent
a) ex: water will dissolve salt because salt is ionic and water is polar

17. The Solution Process
b) ex: oil will not dissolve in water because oil is nonpolar and water is polar

18. The Solution Process
miscible (soluble)- Alcohols are miscible in water (dissolves in all proportions) because they are both polar

19. Immiscible (not soluble)- oil is immiscible in water.
The Solution Process
Immiscible (not soluble)- oil is immiscible in water.

20. Solvation: Process that occurs when a solute dissolved
Solvation: Process that occurs when a solute dissolved. Ions or molecules become completely surrounded by solvent molecules

21. Solubility Curve
A graph that indicates how likely a solute is to dissolve in a solvent at any given temperature.
(g solute/100 g solvent)

22. Solubility of solids

23. The Solution Process (Temperature)
Solubility of a substance is related to temperature of the solution
Temperature affects solids and gases differently.
Solids increase in solubility
Gases decrease in solubility

24. The Solution Process (Pressure)
Solubility of a gas is related to pressure being exerted on the solvent
Pressure only affects the solubility of gases. Solubility of liquids and solids is not changed by changes in pressure.

25. a) Reason for sodas “bubbling up” when the top of a soda bottle is open.
When the bottle is opened, there is a rapid decrease in the pressure and the solubility of carbon dioxide gas in the water is greatly reduced causing the familiar bubbling and foaming.

26. b) This rapid escape of a gas from a liquid is called effervescence.

27. E. Solubility of a substance is related to temperature of the solvent.
1) Gases will always have greater solubility in cold solvents.

28. Types of Mixtures: Solutions
Ionic solutions- solutions composed of ions that are free to move throughout the solution
Electrolyte- Can conduct an electric current;
acids, bases & salts
Ex: NaCl in water
Ex: Tap water

29. Solutions in which the solute is composed of neutral molecules
Non-electrolyte- cannot conduct electric currents; covalent compounds (except
acids)
Ex: Sugar in pure water

30. Water molecules are in continuous motion.
The Solution Process
Water molecules are in continuous motion.
When a solute is added  the water molecules will collide with it.

31. The Solution Process
The water molecules attract the solute particles and the particles will break away.

32. The Solution Process
Solvation: The process that occurs when a solute dissolves
ions or molecules become solvated or surrounded by solvent molecules