1. Biology Journal 11/6/2013 Describe Louis Pasteur's swan neck experiment. How was this experiment evidence for the cell theory? “I invented Pasteurized milk, so that ya’llz wouldn’t be dying like all the time.”

2. 1.5 The origin of cells: There is an unbroken chain of life from the first cells on Earth to all cells in organisms alive today. Nature of science: Testing the general principles that underlie the natural world—the principle that cells only come from pre-existing cells needs to be verified. Understandings:  Cells can only be formed by division of pre-existing cells.  The first cells must have arisen from non-living material.  The origin and evidence of eukaryotic cells can be explained by the endosymbiotic theory.  64 codons in the genetic code have the same meanings in nearly all organisms, but that there are some minor variations that are likely to have accrued since the common origin of life on Earth. Applications and skills: Application: Evidence from Pasteur’s experiments that spontaneous generation of cells and organisms does not now occur on Earth. Pasteur’s experiment can be repeated using modern apparatus. Theory of knowledge: Biology is the study of life, yet life is an emergent property. Under what circumstances is a systems approach productive in biology and under what circumstances is a reductionist approach more appropriate? How do scientists decide between competing approaches? Topic 1: Cell Biology (15 hours)

3. What are the names of these molecules? Question from Paper 1 A = Glucose B = Amino Acid C = Glycerol A = Ribose Review!

4. In your notebook, list these objects from what you think is smallest to what you think is largest. Virus Eukaryote Cell Electron Prokaryote Cell Thickness of cell membrane Atom Molecule macromoleculeOrganelle Then, compare your answers with a partner!

5. ObjectSize Eukaryote Cell 10 to 100 µm (varies greatly) Prokaryote Cell 1 to 10 µm (varies greatly) Organelle 10 nm (membranes) to 1 µm (mitochondria) Virus About 20 nm (varies greatly) Thickness of cell membrane 10 nm Macromolecule 1 to 100 nm (varies greatly) Molecule 1 nm (depends on size of molecule) Atom 0.1 nm (depends on type of element) Electron 0.000000001 nm (theoretical)

6. 4 processes needed for the spontaneous origin of life on Earth 1. The non-living synthesis of simple organic molecules (D.1.2)

7. What is a polymer? Review! Monomer = CH 2 Polymer = Lipid What is a monomer? These 3 pictures show the same molecule. What is the name of the polymer? What is the name of the monomer? A polymer is a molecule made out of repeating parts. The simple, repeating parts that make up a polymer are called monomers.

8. a.What kind of molecule is shown below? b.Name the monomer of this molecule, and how many are present. c.If this molecule underwent hydrolysis, would water be consumed or released? How many water molecules would do this? a) protein, polypeptide or oligopeptide b) 7 amino acids c) 6 H 2 O molecules would be consumed Review!

9. What are the 3 parts of the cell theory? 1. Cells are the smallest units of life. 2.All living things are made out of cells. 3.Cells only come from other cells. Review! An early microscope

10. Molecule TypeMonomerDimerPolymer Polysaccharide Amino Acids, Proteins Dipeptide Lipids (aka fats) n/alipid Genetic Materialn/a Naming System of some biological Molecules Review! Molecule TypeMonomerDimerPolymer Sugars, Carbohydrates MonosaccharideDisaccharidePolysaccharide Amino Acids, Proteins Monopeptide (one amino acid) DipeptidePolypeptide Lipids (aka fats) CH 2 n/alipid Genetic Material Nucleotide, nucleic acid, nitrogenous base… n/aDNA

11. Label each molecule (the pictures). Label the process that makes each molecule (the purple arrows). List the name of the enzymes / molecules that carry out each process. Identify the location where each of these molecules / processes are. DNA mRNA Protein Replication Transcription Translation DNA helicase DNA polymerase DNA helicase RNA polymerase Ribosome tRNA Happens in the nucleusHappens in the cytoplasm / at the ribosomes Review!

12. What is a codon? Review! Every 3 bases on mRNA is referred to as a codon. It indicates what amino acid is added to a protein. Every 3 bases on tRNA is referred to as an anti-codon.

13.  64 codons in the genetic code have the same meanings in nearly all organisms, but that there are some minor variations that are likely to have accrued since the common origin of life on Earth.

14. What was around on Earth before life?

16. In 1953, Miller and Urey took the chemicals we believe were present on Earth before life, and electrified it. Two weeks later they found 13 out of the 20 amino acids This has been repeated many times, and with different “starting” conditions. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=63IoOLXmzKg 3 experiments that changed the world.

17. The first self-replicating molecules could have been RNA, not DNA! Ribozymes is RNA that are also enzymes (hey you told us that all enzymes are proteins! Liar!) Which came first, DNA, RNA, or proteins?

18. Louis Pasteur's swan neck experiment demonstrated that bacteria cells must come from other bacteria cells, disproving that all life originated “spontaneously.” “I invented Pasteurized milk, so that ya’llz wouldn’t be dying like all the time.”

19. Where else could the molecules / energy / conditions to start these chemical reactions come from?

24. Biology Journal 11/7/2013 Describe the Miller-Urey experiment. Which of the “4 processes needed for the spontaneous origin of life on Earth” did this provide evidence for? Why?

25. The first cell membrane could have come from microspheres, or coacervates! Different chemicals that arrange themselves into natural barriers.

26. Either way, the first prokaryotes developed photosynthesis. This created an oxygen-rich atmosphere, and an ozone layer that later organisms (like us) needed. Thanks, cyanobacteria!

27. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c6LaMwRZUjw Video about the origin of life on earth. Computer graphics, with narration. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9D05ej8u-gU The most astounding fact, Neil Degrasse Tyson. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KeJoVeKSsyA Neil Degrasse Tyson, on alien intelligence. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=63IoOLXmzKg Kid talking with graphics: 3 experiments that changed the world.