2. Movies: Magic From The Dream Factory  © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved Outline  History  Industry Today  Controversies

3.  Early Movie Technology  By the early 1860s there were peep shows, ▪ Boxes containing rolls of still pictures hooked up to a crank,  Thomas Edison  Kinetograph - a camera to take motion pictures,  Kinetoscope - The device to show them  Vitascope - His first theater projector ▪ Soon small theaters/nickelodeons were showing up everywhere.

4.  The Move West  Aspiring filmmakers moved west ▪ To escape Edison’s New York lawyers ▪ Take advantage of great weather and varied scenery.  In 1915, in Hollywood, D. W. Griffith made The Birth of a Nation (huge success) ▪ In which he perfected the close up, flashback, fade- out, and montage. ▪ Racist depiction and glorification of Ku Klux Klan, ▪ An omen of the kind of power films would have to promote antisocial messages.

5.  The Star System  1920s theater owners began demanding popular actors, ▪ Studios started placing them under contract and promoting them heavily. ▪ What star actors would you go to see just because its them? ▪ Why?  Studios developed ▪ Block booking Forced theaters to show movies with unknown actors in order to get movies with established stars. ▪ Blind booking required theaters to take movies without previewing them. ▪ Enabled studios to make money from low cost films known as B-movies.  © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

9.  The Golden Age  In 1930s the efficient studio system, global influence of film art, sound and color ▪ Mark beginning of Golden Age of motion pictures.  First full-length sound feature was The Jazz Singer featuring Al Jolson. ▪ It established both technology and popularity of sound. ▪ Some audiences stood and applauded when they heard the dialogue. ▪ What are some movies that stood out to you based on creative elements ▪ Cinematography, soundtrack, setting, storyline, etc

12.  1930s & 1940s movie going became part of American culture.  Films such as Little Caesar (1930) reflected the influence of organized crime during prohibition.  Horror films like Dracula (1931) with Bela Lugosi,  Screwball comedies like the Marx brothers’ Duck Soup (1933) became popular diversions from hard times.

13.  Color was perfected in films such as Gone With The Wind and The Wizard of Oz, both produced in 1939.  Special effects came into their own in movies such as King Kong (1933) and The Invisible Man (1933).  © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

14. Stars & Studios

16. Marlene Dietrich

17. The Marx Bros Mae West

18. Bing Crosby, Dorothy Lamour & Bob Hope

19. Popeye

20. Superman

21. Betty Boop

23. Greta Garbo

24. Clark Gable Spencer Tracy

25. Tarzan the Ape Man (1932)

26. Love Finds Andy Hardy (1938)

27. Laurel & Hardy

28. Our Gang

31. Sonja Henie Shirley Temple

32. Betty Grable Tyrone Power

33. Charlie Chan at the Olympics (1937)

35. Humphrey Bogart

36. Bette Davis

39. Mickey Mouse Donald Duck

40. Snow White (1937)

42. Abbott & Costello

45. Woody Woodpecker Chilly Willy

47. Claudette Colbert Clark Gable Frank Capra’s It Happened One Night (1934)

48. Batman & Robin

49. The Three Stooges

50. Douglas Fairbanks, Mary Pickford, Charlie Chaplin & DW Griffith

51. The Bowery Boys

53.  African-American Films  An African-American movie industry emerged to serve blacks who were not allowed in “white” theaters. ▪ Centered in Harlem, these films featured all-black casts and were shown in theaters in black neighborhoods throughout the country.

54.  Reacting To TV  By the early 1960s more than 90 percent of American homes had television sets.  What technologies if any have reduced your movie-going?  Industry redefined itself ▪ Created drive-ins for car obsessed suburbanites, improving sound systems ▪ Introducing wide screens with futuristic names such as Cinemascope.

55.  Reacting To TV  Studios began producing spectaculars, which were high budget films with lavish sets and costumes.  Other movies were produced with gimmicks, ▪ 3-D effects that required special glasses ▪ Smell-o-Vision - used fans and scent liquids to waft odors into the theater. ▪ What recent 3-D movies can you think of? ▪ What experiences do theaters offer that makes you want to go?

56.  1/13/2016

58. Canisters of aroma….

59.  Adapting To New Media  By the early 80s the movie industry was convinced  Home videotaping with (VCRs), would ruin them.  The Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) ▪ Fought legal battles to stop the sale of home VCRs.  In 1983 Supreme court ruled in Sony Betamax case ▪ Video recording for private use not an infringement of copyright.

60.  Adapting To New Media  VCRs were used by most families to record programs, ▪ Also to play rented or purchased tapes ▪ Created huge profits for movie studios.  By the time (DVDs) were introduced in 1996, ▪ Industry saw replacement for tapes and didn’t resist as much.  When DVDs became recordable and people started downloading movies, ▪ The industry realized it had a problem.  © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

61.  Adapting To New Media  Internet downloading made it easy to pirate films & to distribute them illegally via file- sharing programs.  In 2003 the movie industry declared war against file sharers.  To prevent widespread copying, the movie companies devised methods for encrypting DVDs  © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

62.  Adapting To New Media  In the early 1990s, studios began to use computers for digital editing and special effects.  Disney’s Toy Story (1995) was the first movie to be produced entirely on computers.  Today, digital editing is used in all Hollywood movies, ▪ Many would be impossible to make without this technology e.g. The X-Men and Superman Returns.  © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

63.  Adapting To New Media  Digital distribution of movies has been tested. ▪ Digital projection ▪ Makes movies easy to use & advantageous for theatre owners in other ways. ▪ Will enable theatres to regularly show live events, ▪ Concerts or sporting events, ▪ Making them “entertainment complexes” rather than just movie houses.  © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

64.  Adapting To New Media  Industry feels digital projection would help theatre business remain viable. ▪ Cheaper Distribution, Increasing Profits, Keeping Cost Down ▪ Would you go to the movies more if they were cheaper?  Industry has been able to transmit and project movies digitally for over a decade.  Payment for equipment is holding back conversion. ▪ Theaters want studios to pay and vice versa  © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

65.  Global Dimensions  Today, the American film industry collects more than 80 percent of the world’s film revenues ▪ Produces only around 15 percent of the world’s films.  Brazil, China, Japan and India have thriving film industries. ▪ At 800 films a year, India produces more movies than any other country, including the U.S.

66.  Production  Preproduction is the planning phase, ▪ includes script development, casting, budgeting, scheduling, set and costume design, location scouting, set construction, and special effects design.  Production is the actual shooting phase, ▪ Which the activity becomes very hectic and expensive, as cast and crew swell into the hundreds.  Postproduction ▪ Film and sound editing, soundtrack scoring, special effects integration, and technical improvements such as color correction.  © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

67.  The Independents: Creative Freedom  Independent films ▪ Films not made by one of the major studios, ▪ Usually made with lower budgets, rely less on stars & special effects ▪ Have more creative freedom than studio films.

68.  The People In The Credits  Executive producer ▪ Financing & putting the package together - story, script, stars, and director.  Line producers ▪ Day-to-day workers -successful if films completed on time & in budget.  Directors provide creative vision. ▪ Usually involved in preproduction, production and postproduction phases  The writer turns an idea into a script. ▪ Scripts today are often written by a committee. ▪ One writer spices up the humor, another polishes the romance, and another creates strong female characters.  © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

69.  The editor ▪ Creates the rhythm and pace of a film by choosing the shots and placing them in sequence.  The cinematographer ▪ Is the director of photography, and is in charge of the cameras and works with the director to set up shots.  © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

70.  Home Media  DVD versions of movies have become extremely popular. ▪ Easy to use and contain a lot of additional material.  One of the most successful DVD rental companies ▪ NetFlix, Blockbuster online ▪ Mail-order service allows selection of movie titles online ▪ Then delivered by regular mail. ▪ Does anyone have a netflix account in here? ▪ Who uses video on demand function?

71.  Exhibition  Art theaters show experimental, avant garde and foreign films.  The vast majority of movies are shown in multiplexes which are theaters with multiple screening rooms.  Mega-theaters - Multiplexes with 16 or more screens ▪ Accommodations such as high-fidelity sound systems, stadium-style seats, and cup holders.

72.  The Audience  In 1930s and 1940s entire families went to the same movie.  Now there are multiple audiences ▪ young, old, male, and female.  Studios target young white males with action-adventure and female nudity ▪ Research shows young men usually select the film for a date  Summer provides the largest audience for theaters. ▪ The holiday season between Thanksgiving and January provides the next largest audience.  © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

73.  Effects Of Movie Viewing  Many critics worry about docu-dramas, ▪ Fictional movies that dramatize real-life events, distort reality and mislead audiences about historic facts.  Also concern that movies can influence violence  Can you think of films blamed for influencing crimes?  © 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved

74. Hollywood in the Age of Conglomerates

76. Paramount Pictures Paramount Home Video