1. Sociology Now 1 st Edition (Brief) Kimmel/Aronson *This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performances or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Race and Ethnicity 8 c h a p t e r

2. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Distinguishing Between Race and Ethnicity race biological distinction ethnicity cultural distinction –both are social constructions –neither have basis in empirical fact What is Race? –a biological distinction with no basis in any empirical fact –division based on cultural factors –18 th century – physical attributes become determining factors in “race” “... things that are perceived as real are real in their consequences.”

3. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Distinguishing Between Race and Ethnicity Biraciality and Multiraciality –every human group has mixed ancestry –Miscegenation mulattos mestizos –interracial romantic relationships are still stigmatized

4. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Distinguishing Between Race and Ethnicity

5. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Distinguishing Between Race and Ethnicity

6. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 The Sociology of Race and Ethnicity race and ethnicity –allocation of goods and services –legitimate social inequality –identity –“pride and prejudice”

7. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 The Sociology of Race and Ethnicity Minority Groups –Differential power –Identifiability –Ascribed status –Solidarity and group awareness “Majority” Groups –semantics –whiteness as “standard” –light over dark within groups –How We Got White People

8. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 The Sociology of Race and Ethnicity

9. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Prejudice –beliefs and attitudes –prejudgment  social location Stereotypes –oversimplified and exaggerated generalizations –cultural “explanations” of difference have now replaced biological ones –people seem to believe stereotypes in light of the facts

10. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Prejudice Racism –prejudice systematically applied to groups overt racism subtle racism –once race is superior

11. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Discrimination Merton’s Typology Prejudice?Discriminates? Fair-weather bigots All-weather liberals All-weather bigots Fair-weather liberals Yes No Yes No Yes

12. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Discrimination Institutional Discrimination –most subtle and pervasive type –deeply embedded in social institutions –Fair Housing Act of 1968 Segregation and Integration –Segregation: physical separation “Separate but equal” (1896 Plessy vs. Ferguson) Apartheid: South Africa –Integration: physical intermingling Brown vs. Board of Ed. 1954

13. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Discrimination Affirmative Action or “Reverse Discrimination”? –affirmative action ensures fair treatment –only 25 of all pending EOC cases are for reverse discrimination Affirmative action abolished in college admissions in CA, WA, and FL tokenism Hate Groups –Know-Nothing Party –Ku Klux Klan –hate crimes continue to grow

14. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Discrimination

15. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Theories of Prejudice and Discrimination primordial theory –Innate conflict between in-groups and out- groups frustration-aggression theory –Frustrated when goals are not met –Aggression towards scapegoat conflict theory –“divide and conquer” feminist theory –Intersection of race and gender, sexual orientation, social class, religion, age, and ability status matrix of domination (Collins)

16. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Theories of Prejudice and Discrimination

17. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Theories of Prejudice and Discrimination Doing Something about It –Exposure to people from other groups busing in the 1960s and 1970s contact alone does not diminish prejudice –Awareness and desire to change prejudice behavior patterns insufficient –Prejudice as “self-fulfilling prophecy” (Allport) Discrimination as form of socialization –Affect of “labeling” upon students of color “acting White” “acting like girls” Overcoming Prejudice

18. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Ethnic Groups in the United States People from Europe People from North America People from Latin America People from Sub-Saharan Africa People from East and South Asia People from Middle East

19. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Ethnic Groups in the United States

20. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Ethnic Groups in the United States

21. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Ethnic Groups in the United States Ethnicity and Conflict –ethnicity is fluid and situational –genocide Melting Pot (Assimilation) and Multiculturalism (Pluralism) –Abandon Cultural traditions –Coexistence Bilingualism –Non-legalized preference for English Race and Ethnicity in the 21 st Century

22. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Ethnic Groups in the United States