1. The Ottoman Empire ended after WWI. Tensions mount as new countries are developed.

2.  The Ottoman Empire had grown steadily weaker during the 19 th century.  After the empire aligned with Germany in WWI, British sent T.E. Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia) to support Arab nationalist activities there.  During WWI Ottomans committed genocide (deliberate mass murder of a particular racial, political, or cultural group) on Armenians, killing 1 million during 1915.

3.  WWI ended the rule of Ottoman Empire over the Arabs – however Arabs were not a nation, united by language and Islamic culture.  Hopes for independent countries ended when League of Nations created Mandates for France and Great Britain to oversee.  In essence, Europeans created national borders with people in these states having no identification with their new country.  Oil being discovered in 1930’s leads to floods of Western investors coming to the Middle East

4.  Palestine had been home to the Jews historically, but they were exiled in 1 st century AD and now Muslim Arabs were 80% of population.  Zionist movement wanted to create a Jewish state. During the 1930’s the Balfour Declaration and Hitler’s killing of Jews led more Jewish people to flee to Palestine.

5. Nationalism spread in Africa and Asia in the early 20 th century. Calls for independence came from Western-educated leaders. Mohandas Gandhi worked for independence in India.

6.  Black Africans fought in WWI and hoped for independence, however Europe was not ready to give up colonies (German colonies given to Great Britain and France)  Africans being educated learned about ideas of freedom, liberty, equality and nationalism.  WEB DuBois and March Garvey US leaders influenced Pan-Africanism (unity of all African nations).

7.  Mohandas Gandhi used civil disobedience and non-violent resistance against laws he felt were unjust against the Indians by British colonial rule  Gandhi preached love rather than hate and force as well as noncooperation (make your own cloth, food, salt, etc.).  1930 Gandhi held Salt March to protest salt tax and British prohibiting Indians to make their own salt.  Gandhi and his followers are later arrested for this act

8.  Early 20 th century Japan had hard time finding raw materials and foreign markets for their goods.  Before WWI Japan found markets by seizing territories such as Taiwan, Korea, and Manchuria  Japan and US agreed to Open Door Policy of trade in the Pacific, but did not settle Japanese need for resources needed for Japanese industry, mining, manufacturing, and automobile making.  During 1930’s militant groups formed with the support of Emperor Hirohito. By 1938 a military draft was put I place, resources put under government control, all political parties merged into one, labor unions disbanded, and education and cultural ideas purged of Western ideas.  Militant leaders stressed Japanese values and expansion abroad

9.  1923 Nationalists and Communists formed an alliance to drive the imperialists out of China. Tensions grew between the two parties and Communists had to go into hiding into the North under the direction of Mao Zedong.

10.  By 1920 two political parties emerged to rule China: Sun Yat-sen’s Nationalist Party and the Chinese Communist Party  The two parties worked together to drive imperialist powers out of China  By 1925 Sun Yat-Sen died and Gen. Chiang Kai-shek became head. He killed 1,000’s of Communists in the Shanghai Massacre and alliance ceased.  Mao Zedong takes over control of Communist party. Mao used guerrilla tactics to defeat Kai-shek’s vast army.  Communists surrounded Mao but he and his PLA went on “Long March” through Nationalist lines to safety