1. Exploring and Classifying Life
Chapter 1

2. What is Science?
Section 1

3. What is Science?
Science is an organized way of studying things and finding answers to questions
Series of steps to solve problems  scientific method
BrainPop
Safety Rap

4. M&M Lab

5. You will be organizing and counting M&M candies to find out which color M&M is the most plentiful in each bag.

6. Question
Which color of M&M is most plentiful?

7. Hypothesis
If I count each color of M&M in a bag then _________ will be the most plentiful because ___________ ____________________________________________.

8. Procedure Do NOT eat anything in lab. Open a bag of M&Ms.
Count the numbers of each color.
Record in chart.

9. Data Color Number Total Red Green Orange Yellow Blue Brown Average
Group 1
Group 2
Group 3
Group 4
Group 5
Group 6
Group 7
Total
Red
Green
Orange
Yellow
Blue
Brown

10. Graph Number of M&M v. Colors of M&M in a bar graph
Label the x-axis as Colors of M&Ms  horizontal axis
Label the y-axis as Numbers of M&Ms vertical axis
Make your graph as large as possible & colorful
Glue or staple onto your lab paper

11. Conclusion What did your hypothesis say?
Was your hypothesis correct? wrong?
Include your observations and data
Give explanations.
Why would this information be important or useful?

12. Next Step????
Talk with your lab partners and come up with 2 questions about M&Ms that could be answered by doing a lab activity

13. Vocabulary
Hypothesis  an educated guess or possible outcome to a problem
Procedure  set of directions or steps to follow
Data  Info gathered during an investigation
Graph  picture of your data

14. Conclusion  An answer to your question; was your hypothesis correct?
Variable  things that are changed in an experiment
Control  Things that are NOT changed in an experiment

15. Theory or Law?
Scientific Law – a RULE that describes a pattern in nature
Does not try to explain why
Scientific Theory - Attempt to explain a pattern observed repeatedly in the natural world
Can Δ w/ new data

16. Safety Follow all safety rules during an experiment
Must make an 80% on lab safety quiz

17. Section Check 1
Question 1
This diagram shows a way to use scientific methods to solve a problem. According to the diagram, if a hypothesis is not supported by data then you should _______.

18. B. find a different problem to solve C. propose a scientific theory
Section Check 1
change the data so that
they do support the
hypothesis
B. find a different problem to
solve
C. propose a scientific theory
D. revise the hypothesis and
perform new experiments

19. Section Check 1
Answer
The correct answer is D. Scientific methods are an organized way to solve a problem in science. This series of procedures involves forming a hypothesis that can be tested.

20. Section Check 1
Question 2
What is the definition of a control in a scientific experiment?
Answer
A control is the standard to which the outcome of a test will be compared. Controls help you determine how to interpret your data.

21. Section Check 1
Question 3
A statement about how things work in nature that seems to be true all the time is a _______.
A. conclusion
B. hypothesis
C. law
D. variable

22. Section Check 1
Answer
The correct answer is C. Although laws can be modified as more information becomes known, they are less likely to change than theories.

23. Living Things
Section 2

24. What are living things like?
Any living thing  organism
All organisms share similar traits

25. Living Things

26. 1. Living things are organized
Cell  smallest unit of an organism that can carry on all the functions of life
Orderly structure
Contains hereditary material

27. Your body temperature rises because of exercise
2. Living things respond
Stimulus  anything that causes a Δ
Response  reaction to a stimulus
Homeostasis
Stimulus
Response
Your body temperature rises because of exercise

28. 3. Living things use Energy
All energy ultimately comes from the Sun
Some organisms make their own food from the Sun’s energy
Some organisms eat plants for energy
Heterotrophs
Autotrophs

29. 4. Living things grow, develop, and die
Development  Δ that take place during the life of an organism
Lifespan  length of time an organism is expected to live

30. 5. Living things reproduce
Must replace individuals that die

31. List the characteristics of living things discussed in this video clip Star the ones that are different than what we have discussed.

32. What do Living things need?
Place to live
Raw materials
Water
Oxygen
Food
Different requirements for different organisms

33. Homework
Find 2 pictures of living things and 2 pictures of non-living things.
Either out of a magazine, real photos or you can even draw them, glue or tape them into your notebook.
Under each, list the characteristics the thing does or does not have that makes it alive or non-living.
Bring them to class and be prepared to share with the class whether they are living things or non-living things and why.

34. Section Check 2
Question 1
What is the smallest unit in a cat that carries on the functions of life?
Answer
The cell is the smallest unit. All organisms are composed of cells. Cells take in materials from their surroundings and use them in complex ways.

35. Section Check 2
Question 2
Pulling your hand back when you accidentally touch a hot pan on the stove is an example of what characteristic of living things?
A. growth and development
B. organization
C. reproduction
D. response to stimuli

36. Section Check 2
Answer
The correct answer is D. The hot pan is an example of a stimulus. Living things can respond to both external and internal stimuli.

37. Section Check 2
Question 3
Give an example of two raw materials that you need to survive.
Answer
Some possible answers include: water, food, and oxygen. Some bacteria and plants can make food from raw materials in their surroundings.

38. Where does life come from?
Section 3

39. Spontaneous generation
Two ideas
Spontaneous generation
Biogenesis
Sources of Life
Living things come from non-living things
Living things come only from other living things

40. Timeline Foldable Information on page 20 in textbook
Glue last page of foldable into NB

41. 1668 Francesco Redi Decaying meat in jars & covered some
Maggots appeared only on uncovered meat
Conclusion: maggots hatched from fly eggs & not from the meat

42. 1745 John Needham Heated broth in flasks
Became cloudy w/ microorganisms
Conclusion: they developed spontaneously from the broth
(WRONG!)

43. 1768 Spallanzani Heated broth in sealed flasks
Only opened ones became cloudy

44. 1859 Louis Pasteur Boiled broth in open S-necked flasks
Only became cloudy when tilted & exposed to dust in the S-neck
Conclusion: no such thing as spontaneous generation

45. 1924
Oparin Hypothesis
Earth’s early atmosphere contained no oxygen, but did have ammonia, hydrogen, methane, & water vapor
Chemical reactions triggered by
E from Sun
Lightning
Earth’s heat
New molecules washed into Earth’s oceans  primordial soup

46. 1953 Miller and Urey Sent electric currents through gasses
Cooled & condensed into liquid that contained amino acids (found in present-day cells)

47. Section Check 3
Question 1
This diagram shows an experiment Louis Pasteur conducted with boiled broth and S-necked flasks. Why did microbes only grow in the bottom flask?

48. Section Check 3
Answer
Microbes from the air settled out at the bottom of the S-neck and only entered the broth when it was tilted so that the broth touched this area. This experiment by Pasteur helped disprove the theory of spontaneous generation.

49. Section Check 3
Question 2
Which one of the following examples supports the theory of biogenesis?
A. kittens are produced from cats
B. milk is produced by cows
C. rain is produced by rain clouds
D. stimuli produce responses

50. Section Check 3
Answer
The correct answer is A. The theory of biogenesis states that living things come only from other living things.

51. Section Check 3
Question 3
What did Alexander Oparin suggest about Earth’s early atmosphere?

52. Section Check 3
Answer
He suggested that it contained no oxygen but was made up of the gases ammonia, hydrogen, methane, and water vapor. He hypothesized that these gases could have combined to produce compounds found in living things.

53. How are living things classified?
Section 4

54. Classification Placing similar things together into groups Aristotle
Plant or Animal
Broke these down into smaller groups

55. Linnaeus Modern scientists Classification based on similar structures
Use similarities in internal structure as well
Chromosome #
Fossil record
Very early stages of development

57. Six Kingdoms

58. Scientific Names Common names can be confusing
Binomial Nomenclature  2-word name (1st – genus, 2nd – species)

59. Uses of Scientific Names
Avoid mistakes
Organisms w/ similar evolutionary history are grouped together
Give descriptive information
Info can be organized easily & efficiently

60. Dichotomous Keys Detailed list of characteristics
Includes scientific names
Series of steps that leads you to the correct identification
Alien Identification activity
Cut out Alien Sheet and glue in NB
Make a list 1-20
Use dichotomous key to label aliens

61. Section Check 4
Question 1
Over 2,000 years ago, Aristotle developed a system to classify all organisms _______.
A. as either plant or animal.
B. based on fossils.
C. into six different kingdoms.
D. using binomial nomenclature.

62. Section Check 4
Answer
The correct answer is A. Aristotle broke these two groups into smaller groups. Two of his smaller groups of animals would have been animals with hair and those with no hair.

63. Section Check 4
Question 2
What word is used to describe the evolutionary history of an organism?
Answer
The word is phylogeny. Phylogeny explains how an organism has changed over time and is the basis for the modern classification of many organisms.

64. Section Check 4
Question 3
Acer rubrum is the scientific name for a red maple tree. This name is an example of _______.
A. a dichotomous key
B. a hypothesis
C. binomial nomenclature
D. spontaneous generation

65. Section Check 4
Answer
The correct answer is C. Binomial nomenclature is the system used by modern scientists to name organisms. The first part of the scientific name identifies the genus of the organism.

66. Chapter Review
Question 1
Why has the hypothesis in this example been used to propose a theory?

67. Chapter Review
Answer
In the example, several different experiments have all supported the hypothesis. In science, if the results of experimentation always support a particular hypothesis, the hypothesis can then be called a theory. A theory usually explains many hypotheses.

68. Chapter Review
Question 2
Which one of the following is an example of using field work to collect data about where robins build their nests?
A. doing an internet search on robins
B. finding a book on robins in the library
C. watching robins in a laboratory
D. watching robins in a park

69. Chapter Review
Answer
The correct answer is D. Fieldwork includes observations or experiments that are done outside the laboratory.

70. Chapter Review
Question 3
Why is reproduction an important characteristic of living things?

71. Chapter Review
Answer
Without reproduction, living things could not replace individuals that die and would soon no longer exist. Reproduction can take many different forms, including production of spores, laying eggs, or giving birth to live young.

72. Question 4 What is the estimated age of Earth? A. 4600 years old
Chapter Review
Question 4
What is the estimated age of Earth?
A years old
B. 4.6 million years old
C. 4.6 billion years old
D. 4.6 trillion years old

73. Chapter Review
Answer
The correct answer is C. Rocks found in Australia more than 3.5 billion years old are one piece of data that supports this estimation.

74. Chapter Review
Question 5
This is the classification of the bottle-nosed dolphin. Which one of the following organisms
from the order Cetacea is most closely related to the bottle-nosed dolphin?

75. Bow-head whale from the Family Balaenidea
Chapter Review
Bow-head whale from the Family Balaenidea
B. Ganges River dolphin from the Family
Platanistidae
C. Killer whale from the Family Delphinidae
D. Right whale from the Family Balaenidea

76. Chapter Review
Answer
The correct answer is C. The bottle-nose dolphin and the killer whale are more closely related than the others because they are classified in the same family of Delphinidae.

77. Standardized Test Practice
Question 1
Which measurement should be made using the SI unit of meters instead of the units shown in the table?
Measurements to make
SI unit to use
Volume of water in jar
milliliters
Height of a bookshelf
grams
Mass of a sofa
kilograms
Distance to the moon
kilometers

78. D. volume of water in a jar
Standardized Test Practice
Measurements to make
SI unit to use
Volume of water in jar
milliliters
Height of a bookshelf
grams
Mass of a sofa
kilograms
Distance to the moon
kilometers
A. distance to the moon
B. height of a bookshelf
C. mass of a sofa
D. volume of water in a jar

79. Standardized Test Practice
Answer
The correct answer is B. Height is a measurement of length and can be measured in meters. The SI unit of a gram is a measurement of mass.

80. Question 2 Why might you find these symbols in your text book?
Standardized Test Practice
Question 2
Why might you find these symbols in your text book?

81. to alert you to situations that require special attention
Standardized Test Practice
to alert you to situations that require special
attention
B. to help you study for test on each chapter
C. to show you where to find certain
information in the text
D. to warn you to turn the page quickly

82. Standardized Test Practice
Answer
The correct answer is A. These are safety symbols that are used throughout your text.

83. Standardized Test Practice
Question 3
Like all living things, you require energy to survive. What is the source of the energy used by your body?
A. carbon dioxide
B. the Sun
C. food that you eat
D. oxygen

84. Standardized Test Practice
Answer
The correct answer is C. You get food by eating plants or other organisms that ate plants. Plants make their own food through photosynthesis. Therefore, you use the Sun’s energy indirectly.

85. Standardized Test Practice
Question 4
Stanley Miller and Harold Urey conducted this experiment to find out if gases in Earth’s early atmosphere could have produced _______.

86. A. bacteria from viruses B. chemicals found in living things
Standardized Test Practice
A. bacteria from
viruses
B. chemicals
found in living
things
C. electricity
D. mice from
grain

87. Standardized Test Practice
Answer
The correct answer is B. They hypothesized that lightning in Earth’s early atmosphere could have caused the gases to combine to produce these chemicals. They passed an electrical current through those gases to simulate what might have happened.

88. Question 5 Dichotomous keys are arranged in steps with two _______.
Standardized Test Practice
Question 5
Dichotomous keys are arranged in steps with two _______.
A. descriptive statements at each step
B. kingdoms at each step
C. pictures at each step
D. scientific names at each step

89. Standardized Test Practice
Answer
The correct answer is A. If you learn how to use a dichotomous key, you can identify and name species.