1. African Independence Movement

2. Nationalism Nationalism - a feeling of pride in one’s country South African Native National Congress (later became the African National Congress or ANC) - protested laws that limited the rights of black South Africans (1912)

3. Nationalism Pan-Africanism (1920s)- belief that all Africans should work together for their rights and freedoms. “Africa for Africans” was the slogan of this movement. Leopold Senghor - a leader of this movement in Senegal (became the country’s first president in 1960).

4. World War II This war played a significant role in the African Independence Movement. Many Africans fought alongside the Allies for European freedom. When the war ended and Africans returned home, they wanted freedom for themselves.

5. Ghana’s Independence Ghana (formerly known as the Gold Coast) gained its independence from the British in 1957 by boycotting British products boycott - the refusal to buy or use certain products or services Kwame Nkrumah - led boycotts in Ghana (became its first president)

6. Algeria’s Independence Fought a bloody war against the French that lasted 8 years. 100,000 Algerians and 10,000 French soldiers died. Algeria gained its independence in 1962.