2. Design and Its Challenges 1.List two or three environments that you think represent extremely high quality places. 2. List at least three characteristics of why you think these places are of high quality.

3. A Definition of Design Designing is an activity, aiming at the production of Plans, which if executed are expected to lead to a Situation with desired properties, and without undesired, Unforeseen side or after effects.  Design as activity, not a product.  Aims at something– is purposeful.  Plan as a set of instruction.

4. Styles of Design Style 1: Routine Behavior ChallengeResolution

5. Style 2: Trial and Error ChallengePartial Resolution Test Feedback Yes No Resolution

6. A DESIGN PROJECT

7. Style 3: Criteria for Judgment Challenge Alternatives New challenge Resolution Feedback

8. A DESIGN PROJECT

9. STYLE III: FILTER AT THE END (NO GUARANTEE THAT ANY SOLUTION PASSES)

10. THE IMAGE Image = subjective knowledge = view of the world Image is what guides our behavior, actions

11. The Knowledge of the Designer  Factual Knowledge – knowledge of how the world is.  Deontic Knowledge – knowledge of what ought to be.  Explanatory Knowledge – knowledge of why something is.  Instrumental Knowledge – how to knowledge.  Conceptural Knowledge – symbols and conventions.

12. Nature of Design Problems Two Types of Problems/Challenges a. Tame Challenges 1. Have an exhaustive definition 2. Ends and Goals well defined 3. Examples: puzzles, math equations, models b. Wicked Challenges 1. No exhauxtive definition 2. Formulation same as resolution 3. Examples: social, political, design, and planning

13. Design Challenge Characteristics  Wicked challenges have no exhaustive formulation.  The formulation is identical to the resolution.  Every wicked challenges can be considered a symptom of another wicked challenge.  Wicked challenges have no stopping rules.  Wicked challenges have many explanations for discrepancies.

14.  Wicked challenges have no test of correctness.  Wicked challenges have no immediate or definitive test of resolution.  Wicked challenges are one-shot observations.  Wicked challenges have no list of permissible procedures, rules, operations, etc.  Wicked challenge resolvers have not right to make an error. Characteristics continued

15. VARIABLES Design Context Performance

16. Variables Design Variables- issues under control of the designer (color, textures, sizes, shape, program interpretation, visual language) Context Variables- issues not under control of the design, owner, or an participant in the process of designing (cost of materials, climate zone, geological conditions, regulatory and code conditions.

17. Variables cont. Performance variables- those issues which form the base for judgments by the designer (level of safety, aesthetics, level of appropriateness, efficiency, flexibility) P=ƒ ( d1, d2, d3,…….c1, c2, c3, ……)

18. Scales Nominal Ordinal Difference Ratio

19. Scales Nominal – finite, mutually exclusive values that are unordered ( gas – liquid – solid, construction type I, II, III, IV, V, Color Choice from chart, Height type low-rise – mid-rise – high-rise, acceptable – unacceptable. Values do not matter Once you make a choice you have only one element

20. Scales cont. Ordinal – Approximate qualities ( grades -A-F, hardness - soft to hard, excellence 1-10, strengths –weak-strong) Difference – A continuim of numbers from which you select a value (Temperature measurement, wind speed, rainfall, elevations.) Can not compare elements, but can differences. Ratio – Used to measure length, weight, volume (Miles to Kilometers, pounds to kilograms, cubic feet to cubic meters)