1. Union organizing: A research review Edmund Heery Cardiff Business School

2. Anglophone tradition  Organising outcomes Membership growth Recognition/certification Workplace organization Diversity outcomes  Organizing inputs Organizing campaigns Organizing roles Organizing unions

3. Anglophone tradition  Conditions for relative success Organizing method  Bronfenbrenner: comprehensive campaigns  Badigavannar & Kelly: mobilizing campaigns Organizers  Voss & Sherman: leaders from new social movements  Heery & Simms: gender & diversity outcomes Resource allocation  Waddington & Kerr: organizer training  Heery & Simms: volume of resource Articulation  Voss & Sherman/Waddington & Kerr: link to union centre Employer response  Heery & Simms: supportive response to organizing

4. Anglophone tradition  Constraints on organizing Failure of organizing to revive national movements Failure of particular campaigns  UK: sea transport, gaming, travel trade, cleaning Constraints on organizing  External: employers, law, new workforce  Internal: opposed interests, non-supportive structures Interests  Officers & activists: mismatch of skills, activities & motivation Structures  Devolved systems of union government & rise of de facto enterprise unionism

5. Anglophone tradition  Overcoming constraints Centralization (Milkman)  Organizing strategy  Organizing function  Organizing fund: taxation of existing members to organize new members  Reduction of local autonomy: suspension of locals etc  Left critique Rank & file mobilization (Carter)  Ineffectiveness of ‘bureaucratic’ organizing  Bottom-up campaigns triggered by militant response to ‘neo-liberalism’

6. Critique of Anglophone tradition  Absence of comparative dimension Nomothetic assumptions  Regularities abstracted from time & space Exemplary cases  Assumption of universal validity of national cases Universalist prescription  Rank & file mobilization; coalition unionism Universalist practice  Export of organizing model via SEIU

7. Comparative analysis of organizing  Organizing objectives Analogous but distinctive outcomes in different IR systems  Creation & capture of works councils  Success in elections to determine authorised unions  Changing composition of membership  Capacity of unions to mobilize workers in protest

8. Comparative analysis  Institutional variation Influence of national institutions on importance, form & outcomes of organizing  Structure of collective bargaining  Organizing a feature of countries with devolved bargaining, where membership & bargaining coverage are similar and bargaining power rests on workplace organization  Employment law  Organizing a feature of countries with recognition or certification systems where unions need to demonstrate majority membership to form bargaining relations

9. Comparative analysis  Institutional variation (continued) Union identity  Organizing a feature of union movements with an ‘economic’ orientation that emphasises improving terms and conditions through collective bargaining with employers

10. Conclusion  Growth of organizing research Explaining & evaluating organizing activity Concentrated in Anglophone countries and reflects union character & institutional features of these societies  Need for comparative research Sensitive to variation in union identity & objective; institutional contexts, opportunities & constraints