1. Labor Movement

2. The National Labor Union  1866  founded by William Sylvis  called for 8 hour work day  1872, formed Labor Reform Party  1873, depression hits = union dissolved

3. Great Railroad Strike, 1877  Panic of 1873  RR decrease wages 10%  Spontaneous Strikes began across nation  Governors call in militia = violence  18 people killed in Penn.  All trains shut down  Over 100 people killed  First incidence of violence in labor movement

4. Molly Maguires  Irish Miners in Pennsylvania  secret organization  committed acts of sabotage & murder  infiltrated by Pinkertons  10 men convicted of murder & hanged  Mollies Defeated, mining conditions worsen

5. Knights of Labor  founded in 1878  by Terrence V. Powderly  membership open to all workers  skilled & unskilled  men & women  all races, religions, & ethnic groups

6. Goals of Knights  8 hour day  end to child labor  end to convict labor  equal pay for women & minorities  safety codes for workplace  nationalization of RR & telegraph

7. Haymarket Square, 1886  May Day demonstration for 8 hour day  Strike at McCormick reaper factory, Chicago  May 4 th rally in Haymarket Square  3000 attend

8.  Bomb thrown--7 policemen dead  Police fire on crowd—12 dead  Newspapers blame unions  8 anarchist arrested & charge with instigation  4 hanged, 1 suicide, 3 jailed then aquitted  Destroyed Knights of Labor

9. United Mine Workers  founded by John L Lewis  Goals:  8 hour day  end child labor in mines  safety codes for mines  health care for workers with “Black Lung”

10. American Railway Union  founded by Eugene Debs, 1893  sought to unite all workers on Railroads  wanted shorter hours & better wages  Debs jailed during Pullman Strike

11. IWW: Industrial Workers of the World  founded in 1905  lead by Big Bill Haywood  also Joe Hill & Mary Harris “Mother” Jones revolutionaries  Lawrence Textile Mill Strike  “ Bread & Roses ”

12. AFL: American Federation of Labor  founded 1881  by Samuel Gompers  full-time union officials to...  organize, negotiate, control strikes  skilled workers only  no women or minorities