1. History of European Integration I: The Burden of the Past II: The Separation of Europe III: The Consolidation of Western Europe IV: From Boom to Economic Crisis

2. The Burden of the Past Europe: A continent of nation-states Western Europe: Early consolidation of nation-states (GB, France, Spain) Central and Eastern Europe: Awakening of nationalism in the 19th century National unification (Italy, Germany) National liberation (within the Habsburg and Ottoman empires)

3. The Burden of the Past War of 1870/71 creates the Franco-German conflict WW I: War over dominance on the European continent Peace treaties (Versailles, Trianon, Sèvres): –Punishment of Germany –Disintegration of the Habsburg and Ottoman Empires according to the principle of national self-determination

4. The Burden of the Past Creation of the League of Nations –Weak structures and objectives –Major handicap: Absence of the United States

5. The Burden of the Past Efforts for enduring peace-making motivated by national interests Rise of Fascism and Bolchevism Idea of a united Europe rises during WW II –Italian resistance: Manifesto of Ventotene (Spinelli) –French resistance: „Plus jamais cela“

6. The Separation of Europe Split-up of Germany and Austria into four occupation zones Breakdown of the Anti-Hitler-Coalition Soviet Union creates a „safety belt“ of politically dependent countries The „iron curtain“ makes the unification of the continent impossible

7. The Separation of Europe Options for Western Europe: –A „third force“? –An integral part of the „Transatlantic Community“

8. The Consolidation of Western Europe The Marshall Plan (1947): Relief and reconstruction aid for Western Europe Creation of the Organisation for European Economic Cooperation (1948), in order to organize the distribution of aid and reinforce economic cooperation

9. The Consolidation of Western Europe Creation of the Council of Europe (1949): Political Cooperation between numerous European countries (B, NL, L, DK, GB, IRL, IT, NW, SW, since 1951: GR, TK, FRG) Structure: Committee of Ministers, Parliamentary Assembly, General Secretariat

10. The Consolidation of Western Europe Key document: European Convention on Human Rights (1951) –Key institution: European Court of Human Rights = Problem of the Council of Europe: Weak structure (purely intergovernmental with the exception of the Court), problem to enforce decisions

11. The Consolidation of Western Europe 1949: Creation of NATO. Organisation for the collective defense of the atlantic community. (US, CAN, GB, F, IT, NL, B, L, DK, NW, ICE, P, later TK and GR) 1950: Schuman suggests the creation of a European Community for Coal and Steel –Different political scope (one economic sector) –Different method (principle of supranationality)

12. The Consolidation of Western Europe Institutional triangle: High Authority (equals the Commission), Council of Ministers, Parliamentary Assembly Jean Monnet: „A start would have to be made by doing something both more practical and more ambitious. National sovereignty would have to be tackled more boldly and on a narrower front.“

13. The Consolidation of Western Europe Robert Schuman: „The indispensable first principle... is the abnegation of sovereignty in a limited but decisive field.“ Konrad Adenauer: „.. the importance of this project is above all political and not economic.“ Project served mutual interests: For France, security in relation to Germany. Safe supply with German coal for French steel industry. For Germany, recognition as a reliable partner (Adenauer‘s political priority)

14. The Consolidation of Western Europe -Preliminary conclusion: Various integration efforts in the West: -Varying political scope (Political, defense, economical) -Varying membership (from 6 to 12) -„Elite-driven project“

15. The Consolidation of Western Europe Urgent question: The rearmement of Germany. 1950: Pleven plan: Creation of a European army, including German troups, under multinational leadership, within NATO. Treaty (European Defense Community) signed in 1952. But: Ratification fails in the French Parliament

16. The Consolidation of Western Europe Success of the treaty would have meant a major step forward towards integration. (Issue of Common European Defense only reappeared on the agenda in the 1990s!) Consequence: NATO stays the only defense organisation of Western Europe (FRG member in 1955) Instead: Return to the field of economic integration. Messina conference 1955 prepares the project of the European Economic Community

17. The Consolidation of Western Europe Treaty of Rome 1957. Six members. Objectives: –Customs Union –Common Market –Common Policies

18. The Consolidation of Western Europe Institutional framework taken over from the European Community for Coal and Steel: –Commission –Parliament –Council

19. From Boom to Economic Crisis The „Glorious Thirty“ The peak of the Cold War: Berlin wall, Cuban missile crisis, Vietnam War begins The period of De Gaulle –Refusal of British membership –The „empty chair crisis“ –The Luxemburg compromise (1966)

20. From Boom to Economic Crisis 1969: Relaunch under the motto: –Completion –Enlargement –Deepening

21. From Boom to Economic Crisis Changes of the international and external environment: –The end of the Bretton Woods System –The first oil shock in 1973/74 leads to the first global economic slowdown since the end of the War –The period of détente starts –1973: Helsinki conference. CSCE as the first effort to reunify the continent

22. From Boom to Economic Crisis „Eurosclerosis“ and „Euroslump“: Dissatisfaction with the Brussels institutions: –Bureaucracy –Decision-making: Unanimity principle in the Council makes significant progresses difficult to achieve

23. From Boom to Economic Crisis 1979: Creation of the European Monetary System (nucleus of the euro) 1979: First direct election to the European Parliament –Effort to bring Europe closer to the citizens