1. Bellringer Open yesterday’s notes: Post War Instability Notes and prepare to go over the questions! Download today’s notes: Rise of Dictators I and minimize them.

2. The BIG Idea! By 1939, many European countries had adopted dictatorial regimes that aimed to control every aspect of their citizens’ lives for state goals.  1. The totalitarian states did away with individual freedoms.  2. In the Soviet Union, Stalin maintained total power by murdering his political opponents.  3. Hitler used anti-Semitism, economic policy, and propaganda to build a Nazi state.

3. Totalitarian States Only two major European states remained democratic by 1939 – Great Britain and France A new form of dictatorships arose in the form of totalitarian states  Government aims to control the political, economic, social, intellectual, and cultural lives of its citizens  Led by a single leader and a single party  Individual freedoms sacrificed for the collective will of the masses… but the leader determined the will…  People expected to help achieve state goals.

5. Fascism in Italy Italy also faced severe economic problems after WWI Paved the way for the rise of Benito Mussolini  Created the Fascist movement Fascism – glorifies the state above the individual by emphasizing the need for a strong central government led by a dictator  Government controls the people and stifles any opposition Italians were still angry over the peace settlement and not having received more land (they were promised land by the Allies in WWI)

6. Fascism in Italy Mussolini converted thousands to fascism with his appeals to nationalism  He also exploited the middle-class fears of socialism In 1922, Mussolini and the Fascists threatened to march on Rome if they were not given power  King gave in and made Mussolini the prime minister Mussolini used his position to create a fascist dictatorship in Italy  Made criticism of the government a crime  Outlawed all other political parties  Secret police had unlimited authority to arrest and jail anyone By the end of 1926, Mussolini ruled Italy as Il Duce (“The Leader”)

7. Benito Mussolini [1883-1945]

8. The Fascist State Methods used by Mussolini to establish complete control over the Italian people:  Secret police watched citizens’ political activities  Controlled all forms of media (newspapers, radio, film) through propaganda  Ex. “Mussolini Is Always Right”  Organizations to promote ideals of fascism and control the population  Ex. Fascist Youth Hitler was an admirer of Mussolini, and would create a much more powerful fascist movement in Germany

9. Fascist Youth

10. New Era in the USSR Lenin died in 1924, led to a power struggle Joseph Stalin emerged as a dictator in 1929 Stalin Era marked the beginning of an economic, social, and political revolution bigger than the revolutions of 1917  Five-Year Plans: change Russia from agricultural to industrial country quickly

11. Joseph Stalin

12. Cost of Stalin’s Programs Enormous social and political costs The number of workers in cities increased by millions between 1932 and 194o while housing investment declined…  Millions lived in miserable conditions  Wages declined  Laws limited where workers could move  Propaganda stressed the need for sacrifice to create the new socialist state

13. Cost of Stalin’s Programs Collectivization of agriculture – private farms were eliminated, owned by the government, worked by peasants  Peasants resisted by hoarding food and killing livestock  Stalin stepped up the program (By 1934, 26 million family farms had been collectivized)  Led to widespread famine – 10 million died in the famine of 1932-33 People who resisted Stalin faced consequences:  Sent to labor camps in Siberia, many never returned  Killed the Old Bolsheviks of the early movement  Arrested 8 million  A reign of terror

14. Connect! 1. What is totalitarianism? 2. How did Mussolini gain power in Italy? 3. What tactics did Mussolini use to control the Italian people? 4. Who came to power in the Soviet Union after Lenin? 5. Describe the rule of Joseph Stalin.