1. By: Emily, Julie, Nancy, and Jenny

2. Focus Multiple Text Interpretations: shift from one interpretation of texts to many as a result of a transaction between reader and text. Based on the work of Rosenbaltt ‘s Transactional Reader/Response Comprehension: rise in comprehension instruction at all levels via metacognitive comprehension strategies. Arose from the 1976 Center for the Study of Reading initiative

3. Theories/Theorists: Literature-based, Writing Process, and Integration Literature based reading evolved out of Richard Anderson’s 1985 Becoming a Nation of Readers and the California Reading Framework in 1988. Based on the sociolinguistic perspective, Donald Graves and Lucy Calkins supported the idea of reading and writing as a reciprocal process. Based on Dewey’s work in the 1920’s, integrated language arts and integrated language/content developed in the late 80’s with influence from Australian educator Donald Holdaway.

4. Theories/Theorists: Whole Language 1990’s “Politically, it is suspicious of all attempts to mandate and control curricular decisions beyond the classroom level; as such, it places great faith and hope in the wisdom of teachers to exercise professional prerogative in making decisions about the children in their care” (p. 449).

5. Whole Language (continued) Characterized by… 1. Opposition to basal readers 2. No formal instruction of phonics 3. Proponent of literature based reading and writing process 4. Classroom libraries 5. Integration of language arts and content 6. Teacher as facilitator and observer 7. Student as active constructor of learning 8. Strategies and skills taught through mini-lessons

6. Seminal Studies Becoming a Nation of Readers by Richard Anderson et. al. in 1983 Changing the Face of Reading Comprehension Instruction P. David Pearson in 1985 Matthew Effects in Reading: Some Consequences of Individual Differences in the Acquisition of Literacy In the Middle: New Understandings About Writing, Reading, and Learning by Nancie Atwell in 1987 Guidelines for Computers and Reading by Strickland, Feeley, and Wepner in 1987 Beginning to Read: Thinking and Learning About Print by Marilyn Adams in 1990 Content Literacy: A Definition and Implications by Michael C. McKenna and Richard Robinson in 1990

7. Political and Social Issues The advent of the personal computer in 1978 Banned books Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Catcher and the Rye, The Grapes of Wrath 1980’s Cable and later MTV in the 80’s Regan proposed “Star Wars” and increased military funding, which cut funds for education in 1983. Drugs on the rise in America 1980’s Ryan White Care Act 1990 Post-it Notes introduced by 3-M 1990’s—Ha, ha Vergil Internet expands in 1993 with the World Wide Web Under Clinton’s administration was the Goals 2000: Educate America Act of 1994

8. Activity Directions: After receiving the instructional strategy for your group, gather materials that would best suit that method. Next, brainstorm what a lesson would look like with those materials. Discuss the pros and cons of this method.