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1814-1815 –European leaders led by Austria (Prime Minister Metternich) Goals Prevent French Aggression Balance of Power (No country is a threat to anyone) Restore royal families to the throne Result=5 Grt Powers (GB, FR, Austria, Prussia, RS) Unintentional Side-Effect: encourages Nationalism
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European Map after Congress of Vienna (1817) Napoleon Empire Map (1815)
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Nationalism – belief that people should be loyal to nation not king share a cmmn culture & history Can identify better with own gov’t People have the right to self-govern Nation-States—independent gov, represents itself ▪ Ex. England, France, Ireland, America
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Nationality Language Culture History Religion Territory Nation-State Defends its territory & way of life Representative to the rest of the world Embodies the people & ideals
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ConservativesLiberalsRadicals Wealthy & Nobility Argued for traditional monarchy Middle Class Power to elected parliaments BUT only the landowners and educated “Fringes” often students Extend democracy to all people Drastic changes
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18211830s1848 Ottoman Turks (Muslims) control Balkan region Greeks rebel Popular with scholars, Russians, many Europeans British, French, & Russians ally and crush Turks Grks win indepdt Belgians declare independence from Dutch Poles revolt against Russians, but are crushed French king Charles X tries to return to absolute monarchy, students in Paris rebel (put down) Paris mobs overthrow Louis-Philippe, reestablish republic Louis-Napoleon wins presidential election; takes title of Emperor Napoleon III Encourages reform Experiences economic prosperity
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Austro-HungarianOttomanRussian Control Hungarians, Germans, Czechs, Slovaks, Croats, Poles, Serbs, & Italians Prussia gains control of German States Split Austria & Hungary, but both under Emperor Turks control Greeks, Slavs, Arabs, Bulgarians, Armenians Grants equal citizenship to all people under rule Angers conservative Turks—causes tension Ex: massacres of Armenians after a revolt (genocide) Control Ukrainians, Poles, Lithuanians, Latvians, Estonians, Finns, Jews, Romanians, Georgians, Armenians, & Turks Loses Crimean War v. Ottomans Russification—impose Russian culture Strengthened nationalist feelings Disunified Russia Weakened czar’s power
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Giuseppe Mazzini Formed “Young Italy”— youth nationalist group 1848—Rebellions broke out, Mazzini briefly leads a republic in Rome Driven into exile
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Camillo di Cavour Prime Minister of Italian State Sardinia Expanded borders of Sardinia, unifying most of Northern Italy
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Giuseppe Garibaldi Leader of nationalists rebels in Southern Italy Supported by Cavour Turned over control of Southern Italy to King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia ▪ United all of Italy
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Otto Von Bismarck Prime minister of Prussia under Wilhelm I Realpolitik—politics of reality ▪ practicality > idealism Encourages expansion of Prussia through war The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches or by majority decisions—but by blood and iron!
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Austro-Prussian War (Seven Weeks War) Prussia had superior training and equipment Austria humiliated Territory turned over to Prussia, created North German Federation, led by Prussia
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Franco-Prussian War Southern Germany unsure of Prussian control so… Bismarck insults the French so they would declare war on Prussia Prussians overwhelm Paris & capture Napoleon III—force surrender Everyone is proud to be German, so Southern Germans accept Prussian control King Wilhelm I of Prussia is crowned kaiser (emperor) of Germany
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Bismarck
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Think about: Congress of Vienna & its results Who became stronger? Who became weaker? How did Nationalism affect those countries?
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