1. Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition
Lecture PowerPoint to accompany
Inquiry into Life Twelfth Edition
Sylvia S. Mader
Chapter 3
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

2. 3.1 The Cellular Level of Organization

3. 3.1 The Cellular Level of Organization
The cell is the structural and functional unit of an organism, the smallest structure capable of performing all the functions necessary for life.

4. 3.1 The Cellular Level of Organization
Prokaryotic cells lack membrane enclosed structures.
Eukaryotic cells possess membrane enclosed structures.

5. The Cell Theory

6. The Cell Theory
All organisms are composed of one or more cells.

7. The Cell Theory
All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
Cells are the basic living unit of structure and function in organisms.

8. The Cell Theory All cells come only from other cells.
All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
Cells are the basic living unit of structure and function in organisms.
All cells come only from other cells.

9. Sizes of Living Things

10. Surface Area / Volume Ratio

11. Surface Area / Volume Ratio
The amount of surface area affects the ability to get materials in and out of a cell.

12. Surface Area / Volume Ratio
The amount of surface area affects the ability to get materials in and out of a cell.
As cells increase in volume, the proportionate amount of surface area decreases.

13. Surface Area / Volume Ratio

14. Plasma Membrane and Cytoplasm
All cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane.
The material inside of a cell is the cytoplasm.
The plasma membrane regulates what enters and exits a cell.

15. 3.2 Prokaryotic Cells

16. 3.2 Prokaryotic Cells

17. 3.2 Prokaryotic Cells
Cell Wall
Capsule
Flagellum
Nucleoid
Ribosomes

18. 3.2 Prokaryotic Cells
Cell Wall
Capsule
Flagellum
Nucleoid
Ribosomes

19. 3.2 Prokaryotic Cells
Cell Wall
Capsule
Flagellum
Nucleoid
Ribosomes

20. 3.2 Prokaryotic Cells
Cell Wall
Capsule
Flagellum
Nucleoid
Ribosomes

21. 3.2 Prokaryotic Cells
Cell Wall
Capsule
Flagellum
Nucleoid
Ribosomes

22. Prokaryotes are: Structurally simple Metabolically diverse
Adapted to most types of environments

23. Prokaryotes are: Structurally simple Metabolically diverse
Adapted to most types of environments

24. Prokaryotes are: Structurally simple Metabolically diverse
Adapted to most types of environments

25. 3.2 Prokaryotic Cells

26. 3.3 Eukaryotic Cells

27. 3.3 Eukaryotic Cells Eukaryotic cells: Are structurally complex
Have a nucleus
Possess membrane-bound organelles
May have a cell wall

28. 3.3 Eukaryotic Cells Eukaryotic cells: Are structurally complex
Have a nucleus
Possess membrane-bound organelles
May have a cell wall

29. 3.3 Eukaryotic Cells Eukaryotic cells: Are structurally complex
Have a nucleus
Possess membrane-bound organelles
May have a cell wall

30. 3.3 Eukaryotic Cells Eukaryotic cells: Are structurally complex
Have a nucleus
Possess membrane-bound organelles
May have a cell wall

31. 3.3 Eukaryotic Cells

32. 3.3 Eukaryotic Cells

33. The Nucleus
Stores DNA

34. The Nucleus
Stores DNA
Nucleolus - rRNA

35. The Nucleus
Stores DNA
Nucleolus - rRNA
Nuclear Envelope
Nuclear pores

36. Ribosomes Site of protein synthesis Two subunits (large and small)
Subunits consist of rRNA and protein molecules
Polyribosomes
Several ribosomes with a single mRNA molecule

37. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Consists of membranous channels and saccules

38. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Rough ER
Processing and modification of proteins
Smooth ER
Synthesizes phospholipids
Various other functions

39. Golgi Apparatus
The Golgi apparatus collects, sorts, packages, and distributes materials such as proteins and lipids.

40. Lysosomes
Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes that break down unwanted, foreign substances or worn- out parts of cells

41. Vacuoles Vacuoles are membranous sacs that store substances.
For example:
Water
Pigments
Toxins

42. Peroxisomes Membrane bound vesicles containing enzymes.
The enzymes break down molecules and as a result produce hydrogen peroxide.

43. Energy-Related Organelles
Chloroplasts
Mitochondria

44. Energy-Related Organelles
Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration

45. Chloroplasts Site of photosynthesis Structure: Chloroplasts contain:
Double-membrane
Stroma
Grana
Thylakoids
Chloroplasts contain:
Their own DNA
Ribosomes
Enzymes

46. Mitochondria Found in all eukaryotic cells
Site or cellular respiration
Structure:
Double-membrane
Matrix
Crista

47. The Cytoskeleton Maintains cell shape
Assists in movement of cell and organelles
Assemble and disassemble as needed
Three types of macromolecular fibers
Actin Filaments
Intermediate Filaments
Microtubules

48. Actin Filaments Anchored to the plasma membrane
Allows intestinal microvilli to expand and contract
Found in pseudopods allowing amoeboid movement
Play a role in animal cell division

49. Actin Filaments Actin interacts with motor molecules such as myosin.
In the presence of ATP, myosin pulls actin along
Example: muscle cells

50. Intermediate Filaments
Intermediate in size between actin filaments and microtubules
Functions:
Support nuclear envelope
Cell-cell junctions, such as those holding skin cells tightly together

51. Microtubules Hollow cylinders made of two globular proteins Assembly:
Under control of Microtubule Organizing Center (MTOC)
Most important MTOC is centrosome
Interacts with specific proteins to cause movement of organelles

52. Microtubule Operation

53. Centrioles
Short cylinders with a pattern of microtubule triplets

54. Centrioles Help organize microtubules during animal cell division
May be involved with microtubule formation and in the organization of cilia and flagella

55. Cilia and Flagella Hairlike projections that aid in cell movement
In eukaryotic cells, cilia are much shorter than flagella
They are membrane-bound cylinders enclosing a matrix area
The matrix consists of microtubules in a pattern

56. Cilia and Flagella

57. 3.4 Evolution of the Eukaryotic Cell