1. Ch 3: Biomolecules

2. Ch 3: Biomolecules Organic compounds ? contain
Carbon Based
Very Diverse Group ? 4 major
H,O,N,C….leads to millions of types of molecules
Carbon has 4 Valence electrons
So can covalently bond to?
Up to 4 elements, including itself
When with H…

3. Reasons For Diversity:
Can Bond with other Carbons to form….
Chains
Branched Chains
Rings

4. Ring Structure Aromatic Compounds = Double bond somewhere
Ex: Benzene C6H6

5. Ring Structure Aliphatic Compounds = Only Single Bonds
Ex: Cyclohexane C6H12

6. Reasons For Diversity:
Varied Bonding Patterns
(Single, double, triple)
Hydrocarbons
Alkane Single
Alkene Double
Alkyne Triple

7. Same molecular formula, different structural formula
Reasons For Diversity:
Biomolecules exist as isomers.
Same molecular formula, different structural formula
Importance in Biology?
FORM DRIVES FUNCTION!!

8. Reasons For Diversity:
Biomolecules exist as isomers. C5H12
Same molecular formula, different structurally = different properties

9. P/S: 4 main macromolecules, and their monomers?

10. Proteins Nucleic Acids Carbohydrates Lipids Amino Acids (20)
Nucleotides
DNA/RNA
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Sugars
Lipids
Fatty Acids

11. Reasons For Diversity:
4. Functional Groups
Adds to the diversity of biomolecules by replacing an H atom or a methyl group (-CH3)
Ex: Hydrocarbon vs alcohol

12. Reasons For Diversity:
4. Functional Groups
Provides a “Fingerprint” which classifies a compound
Helps to “Predict” how compounds will act in a chemical reaction
Makes molecules more reactive
Where new bonds are formed and broken
WHERE THE ACTION IS!
Functional Group Practice

13. Carbonyl C=O

14. Carbohydrates C,H,O 2:1 Energy! Sugars ‘___ose’
‘simple’ = Monosaccharides
Disaccharides (sucrose)
Polysaccharides – Storage: Starch, glycogen,
Structure: cellulose
chitin- exoskeleton

15. Carbohydrate Functional Groups?
Hydroxyl (-OH) Carbonyl (-C=O) Hexose, Pentose, Triose

16. Dehydration synthesis vs. hydrolysis
Glycosidic Linkages:
Dehydration Synthesis
of a disaccharide
Dehydration synthesis vs. hydrolysis

17. Alpha vs Beta Glucose
animation
1-4 linkage

19. Lipids Long term storage of energy
Component of cell membrane structure
Protective surface coating (plant cuticle)
Insulation; nerve function (Animals)
Basis for many hormones
Composition?
Functional Group?
C,H,O *No Ratio H:O
Carboxyl -COOH
Waxes Phospholipids Steroids Fats and Oils (triglycerides)

20. Steroids
4 interconnected rings
Natural…fyi
Anabolic..fyi

21. *MAJOR component of all cell membranes “phospholipid bilayer”
Amphipathic "amphi" = "both“
- dual nature
-polar/non-polar)
Hydrophobic
Hydrophilic
*MAJOR component of all cell membranes “phospholipid bilayer”

22. Phospholipid vs Triglyceride Structure

23. Formation of a triglyceride
Ester Linkages
Hydroxyl-carboxyl connection
H2O
Formation of a triglyceride

24. (Plant, fish fats- aka oils) ‘kinks’ in the structure
Solid at room temp
(Animal fats)
tightly packed
Liquid at room temp
(Plant, fish fats- aka oils)
‘kinks’ in the structure
(All single)

25. Proteins Most complex Primary elements? Functional groups? *Functions*
C, H, O, ****N
Functional groups?
Carboxyl –COOH
Amine -NH2
*Functions*
*Forms*
Building Blocks: Amino Acids- 20 common amino acids
Characteristics of Amino Acids *FYI only…

26. Peptide Linkages

27. LEVELS of PROTEIN STRUCTURE
Peptide bonds Alpha,Beta Di-sulfide Bridges Tertiary Forms
H-bonds R-group Interaction

28. Protein Structure and Function
Structural framework
Storage
Movement: cellular and body
Metabolism/Catalysis(Enzymes-Hormones)
Transport
Body Defense
Beta

29. Globular and Fibrous Proteins
Fibrous Proteins
Little or no tertiary structure.
Long parallel polypeptide chains.
Cross linkages at intervals forming long fibres or sheets.
Usually insoluble.
Many have structural roles.
E.x- keratin in hair and the outer layer of skin, collagen (a connective tissue).
-Actin/Myosin- movement
Globular Proteins
Have complex tertiary and
sometimes quaternary structures.
Folded into spherical (globular)
shapes.
Roles in metabolic reactions.
E.g.- enzymes, hemoglobin, insulin.
-antibodies/defense

30. Denatured Protein

31. The Amino Acids
R-group- changes the shape and the function

32. Nucleic Acids

33. Phosphodiester Linkage