1. Lymphatic System and Immunity

2. The Lymphatic System and Immunity
Functions and Structures:
1. LYMPH- watery fluid that goes between capillary blood and tissues
- transports pathogens to lymph nodes where they can be destroyed
- INTERSTITIAL FLUID filters out of capillaries into the microscopic spaces between cells
2. LYMPH VESSELS- transport excess tissue fluid back into
circulatory system.
3. LYMPH NODES- produce lymphocytes, filter out harmful bacteria.

3. Structures of the lymphatic system
Lymph vessels
closely parallel veins
transport lymph
2.03 Remember the stuctures of the lymphatic system

4. Structures of the lymphatic system
Lymph vessels parallel to blood vessels
2.03 Remember the stuctures of the lymphatic system

5. Structures of the lymphatic system
Lymph vessels
Lacteals
Specialized lymph vessels in the small intestines…in each villi
2.03 Remember the stuctures of the lymphatic system

6. Structures of the lymphatic system
Lymph vessels
Lymphatic ducts
Large lymph vessels
Thoracic duct
Also called the left lymphatic duct
receives lymph from the left side…empties into left subclavian vein
Right lymphatic duct
Lymph flows only in one direction
2.03 Remember the stuctures of the lymphatic system

7. Structures of the lymphatic system
Lymph nodes
tiny, oval-shaped structures
range in size from a pinhead to an almond
Act as filters
Located alone or grouped – large cluster in the neck and under the arms
If substance can’t be destroyed, node becomes inflamed
Lymph node
2.03 Remember the stuctures of the lymphatic system

8. Structures of the lymphatic system
Tonsils
3 pairs
masses of lymphatic tissue
Palatine tonsils
sides of throat
Adenoids
upper throat
Lingual tonsils
back of tongue
2.03 Remember the stuctures of the lymphatic system

9. Structures of the lymphatic system
Spleen
Spongy organ in the upper-left quadrant of abdomen
Forms lymphocytes and monocytes
Filters blood
Stores large amounts of RBCs – contracts during vigorous exercise or loss of blood to release RBCs

10. Spleen continued….. Destroys or removes old, fragile RBCs
Not an essential organ…more needed in children
If injured (blunt force trauma) may cause internal bleeding due to rich blood supply

11. Structures of the lymphatic system
Thymus gland
located in the upper, anterior chest
also an endocrine gland
“disappearing gland”
2.03 Remember the stuctures of the lymphatic system

12. 2.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system
What are the functions of the lymphatic system?
1. Fluid Balance
2. Lymphocyte Production
3. Filtration
4. Immunity
2.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system

13. The Lymphatic System Fluid balance ____Fluid ____Fluid IN OUT
returning fluid from the interstitial compartment to the bloodstream
transferring excess water from the bloodstream to the tissue fluid
compensating for hypovolemia by releasing stored fluid to the tissues
compensating for hypervolemia by absorbing and storing excess fluid
____Fluid IN
____Fluid
OUT

14. 2.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system
Lymphocyte production
What are lymphocytes?
a form of small leukocyte (white blood cell) with a single round nucleus, occurring especially in the lymphatic system
What do they do?
2.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system

15. 2.03 Remember the stuctures of the lymphatic system
Lymphocytes
determine the specific response of the immune system to bacteria and toxins. They are present in the circulation and central lymphoid organs and tissues, where an immune response initially occurs
2.03 Remember the stuctures of the lymphatic system

16. 2.03 Remember the stuctures of the lymphatic system
Lymphocytes
There are two primary lymphatic organs: the red bone marrow and the thymus gland.
Also known as B-cells and T-cells
2.03 Remember the stuctures of the lymphatic system

17. The Lymphatic System Filtration
Lymph nodes filter fluid to remove pathogens…fluid then delivered to other lymphatic vessels.

18. The Lymphatic System The body’s ability to resist pathogens
Present at birth, inherited and permanent
The body’s response to a pathogen
Artifically acquired by injecting antibodies…lasts 3-5 weeks…immediate immunity
Lasts longer…your body responds to a pathogen
Result of recovering from a disease
Being vaccinated / immunized (antigen injected to stimulate production of antibodies)

19. The Lymphatic System Natural immunity
(Innate) – at birth, inherited and permanent.
Includes anatomical barriers:
Unbroken skin
Mucus and tears
Blood phagocytes
Local inflammation

20. 2.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system
Acquired immunity: Active and Passive
Occurs as a result of exposure to invaders - Lasts longer…two types
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21. 2.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system
Acquired immunity: Active
Natural
A result of having had and recovered from a disease.
For example: a child who had measles will usually not get it again – child’s body has manufactured antibodies against disease
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22. 2.03 Remember the stuctures of the lymphatic system
Acquired immunity: Passive Natural – baby gets from mother’s placenta or mother’s milk
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23. 2.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system
Acquired immunity: Active
Artificial
Natural
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24. 2.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system
Acquired immunity
Active Artificial
Should immunizations be required?
Why or why not?
2.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system

25. 2.03 Remember the stuctures of the lymphatic system
HYPERSENSITIVITY
When the body’s immune system fails to protect itself against foreign material, and instead, the antibodies formed irritate certain body cells.
An abnormal response to a drug or allergen.
An ALLERGEN is an antigen that causes allergic reaction responses. (Examples of allergens – ragweed, penicillin, bee stings, foods,etc.)
2.03 Remember the stuctures of the lymphatic system

26. The Lymphatic System Anaphylactic shock
Severe, sometimes fatal allergic reaction
Antigen-antibody reaction stimulates a
massive secretion of histamine
Symptoms – breathing problems, headache, facial swelling, falling blood pressure, stomach cramps, and vomiting
Rx - adrenaline
Needs to wear a medic-alert bracelet / tag

27. 2.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system
AIDS
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Caused by HTLV-III (human T-lymphotrophic virus type III) Commonly caused HIV or Human Immunodeficiency Virus.
Affects not only homosexual males but all populations
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28. The patient with AIDS cannot fight off cancers and most infections
Three responses to HIV infection:
AIDS
ARC (AIDS – related complex)
Asymptomatic infection
Screening tests (anonymous) for HIV/AIDS are available

29. Symptoms of AIDS Persistent fevers or night sweats
Prolonged fatigue
Persistent fevers or night sweats
Persistent, unexplained cough
Thick coating in throat or on tongue
Easy bruising, unexplained bleeding
Appearance of purple lesions on mucous membranes or skin that don’t go away
Chronic diarrhea
Shortness of breath
Unexplained lymphadenopathy
Unexplained weight loss, 10lbs or more, in less than 2 months
Incubation period: 1 month to 12 years

30. 2.03 Remember the stuctures of the lymphatic system
AIDS
 HIV infect and destroy CD4-positive helper T cells – which normally direct and support the infection-fighting activities of other immune cells – the virus also appears to use those cells to travel through the body and infect other CD4 T cells
2.03 Remember the stuctures of the lymphatic system

31. The Lymphatic System Hodgkin’s Disease
cancer of the lymph nodes, painless swelling of lymph nodes are early symptoms.
Rx – chemotherapy and radiation

32. The Lymphatic System Infectious mononucleosis Caused by virus
Frequently in young adults and children
Spread by oral contact ( i.e. kissing, drinking after someone)
Symptoms – enlarged lymph nodes, fever, physical and mental fatigue,  Leukocytes
Rx – bedrest, symptomatic treatment

33. 2.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system
Lupus erythematosus
What is the classic symptom of lupus?
What other symptoms might present?
How is lupus managed?
What is the prognosis?
2.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system

34. 2.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system
Lymphadenitis
What is it?
Lymph aden itis
LYMPHADENITIS – enlargement of the lymph nodes, occurs when infection is present and body is attempting to fight off the infection – generalized enlargement
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35. 2.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system
Lymphedema
Lymphatic obstruction is a blockage of the lymph vessels that drain fluid from tissues throughout the body and allow immune cells to travel where they are needed. Lymphatic obstruction may cause lymphedema, which means swelling due to a blockage of the lymph passages.
Photo used with written permission by the Mayo Clinic.
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36. The Lymphatic System Scleroderma
Scleroderma is a connective tissue disease that involves changes in the skin, blood vessels, muscles, and internal organs.
Autoimmune disorder, a condition that occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys healthy body tissue.
Symptoms:
Fingers or toes that turn blue or white in response to hot and cold temperatures
Hair loss
Skin hardness
Skin that is abnormally dark or light
Skin thickening, stiffness, and tightness of fingers, hands, and forearm
Tight and mask-like skin on the face
Joint pain

37. 2.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system
Tonsillitis
Inflammation of the tonsils due to bacterial or viral infection
Treatment: antibiotics if bacterial
2.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system