1. Basic Immunology University of Tabuk Faculty of Applied Medical Science Department of Medical Laboratory Technology Dr. Nabil MTIRAOUI, M.Sc, Ph.D Mr.AYMAN.S.YOUSIF M.SC Academic Year: 1433-1434 (2012-2013)

2. Mr.AYMAN.S.YOUSIF Lecture 1 Introduction to Immunology Science of Immunity

3. Definition 1  Immunity : Protection from disease & especially infectious disease or harmful substance.  Immunology : The study of the way in which the body defends itself against invading environmental agents that are foreign to the body, such as pathogenic organisms or internal invaders (tumors).

4. What is the immune system?  Cells & molecules involved in immune protection constitute the immune system.  Immune system maintains the integrity of the body. 2

5. Immune response & Antigen 3  Immune response: The response to introduction of foreign agent to the body. (antigen).  Antigen : A substance that induces a specific immune response i.e. is immunogenic!  Types of antigens: foreign protein, complex carbohydrate, …etc.  Antigen-specific Receptors on lymphocytes bind small parts of these molecules.  Fine specificity distinguishes species & sub- species of microbes.

6. The Role of the Immune System 1.Distinction between self and non-self antigens 2.Recognition of challenge 3.Elimination of challenge 4

7. Historical Development

8. A Short History of Immunology  Perhaps the earliest written reference to the phenomenon of immunity~ 430 B.C: Peloponesian War, Thucydides describes plague – in Athens,the ones who had recovered from the disease could nurse the sick without getting the disease a second time  15 th centurry : Chinese and Turks use dried crusts of small pox as ”vaccine”  1798: Edward Jenner – smallpox vaccine 5

9. Edward Jenner, “ the founder of modern immunology” 1796- Introduction of protective vaccine against small pox: based on cow pox (in Latin - vaccinia ) A Short History of Immunology 6

10.  Noticed that milkmades that had mild disease cowpox did NOT get smallpox.  Jenner reasoned that introducing fluid from a cowpox pustule into people (i.e., inoculating them) might protect them from smallpox.  To test this idea, he inoculated an eight-year-old boy with fluid from a cowpox pustule and later intentionally infected the child with smallpox. As predicted, the child did not develop smallpox.  Vaccine was invented (latin vacca means ”cow”) A Short History of Immunology 7

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14. A Short History of Immunology

15. Overview of the Immune System

16. Subjects In Immunology  Arms of immune system.  Antigen (foreign agent) and immunogen.  Antibody related defense mechanisms.  Type of immunoresponce.  Hypersensitivity reactions ( Including Allergy )  Auto Immunity  Immunodeficiency  Transplantation 11

17. Arms of the Immune System Arms of the Immune System 12

18. Immunology is a Complex Subject 13

19.  ˜Primary Lymphoid Organs  Bone Marrow and Thymus  Maturation Site.  ˜Secondary Lymphoid Organs  Spleen, lymph nodes,  MALT (mucosal associated lymph tissue)  GALT (gut associated lymph tissue)  Trap antigen, APC, Lymphocyte Proliferation. Organs of Immune System 14

20. 15  The immune system is localized in several parts of the body  immune cells develop in the primary organs - bone marrow and thymus (yellow)  immune responses occur in the secondary organs (blue) Organs of Immune System

21. Immunology cell histology

22.  Polymorphonuclear  Lobed nucleus  Mononuclear  Non-lobed nucleus  Granulocyte  Many granules seen in cytoplasm  Neutral  Does not stain to acidic or basic compounds  Acidic (red-pink)  Stains to acidic compounds (Eosin)  Basic (blue-purple)  Stains to basic compounds 17

23. Cells of the Immune system  All cells of the immune system derived from the bone marrow.  Hematopoietic stem cell differentiation. 18

24. Cells of the Immune system  Many cells of the immune system derived from the bone marrow  Hematopoietic stem cell differentiation 18

25. Components of blood Serum vs. Plasma  Serum: cell-free liquid, free from clotting factors.  Plasma: cell-free liquid with clotting factors in solution (must use an anticoagulant) 19

26. Components of blood 26

27. Lymphocytes  Many types  Mediated the adaptive (Acquired ) immunity.  B-cells produce antibodies  T- cells  Cytotoxic T cells(CD8)  Helper T cells (CD4)  The B&T–cell have a Memory 27

28. Lymphocytes  Plasma Cell (in tissue)  Fully differentiated B cells, secretes Ab  Natural Killer cells  Kills cells infected with certain viruses  Play role in the both innate and adaptive immunity.  Antigen presentation 28

29. Monocytes/Macrophage  Phagocytosis and killing of microorganisms  Activation of T cells and initiation of immune response  Monocytes is a young macrophage in blood  There are tissue-specific macrophages  Function as antigen presenting cells (APC). 29

30. Dendritic Cells  Activation of T cells and initiate adaptive immunity  Found mainly in lymphoid tissue  Function as antigen presenting cells (APC)  Most potent stimulator of T- cell response 30

31. Mast Cells  Expulsion of parasites through release of granules.  Granules contain mediators (Histamine, leukotrienes, chemokines, cytokines).  Also involved in allergic responses 31

32. Neutrophil  Granulocyte  Cytoplasmic granules  Polymorphonuclear  Phagocytosis  Short life span (hours)  Very important at “clearing” bacterial infections  Innate Immunity 32

33. Eosinophils  Kills Ab-coated parasites through de granulation  Involved in allergic inflammation  A granulocyte  Double Lobed nucleus  Orange granules contain toxic compounds 33

34. Basophils  Might be “blood Mast cells’  A cell-killing cells  Blue granules contain toxic and inflammatory compounds  Important in allergic reactions 34

35. Other Blood Cells  Megakaryocyte  Platelet formation  Wound repair  Erythrocyte  Oxygen transport 35

36. Thank You