1. The French Revolution, Napoleon, and the Congress of Vienna

2. The Old Regime
First Estate – clergy, less than 1% of pop., owned 20% of land, exempt from taxes
Second Estate – nobility, 2-4% of pop., owned 20% of the land, exempt from taxes
Third Estate – middle class, urban artisans, peasants, 95% of pop.
Oppressive taxation
Taille - land tax, tithe, income tax, poll tax, salt tax, local tax
Lettre de cachet- essentially a general warrant

3. The Old Regime Louis XVI attempted to tax nobility and clergy
Because of debts of his ancestors
Mismanagment of gov’t
Versailles
American Revolution
Parlement of Paris ruled that Estates-General must approve any new taxes

4. Moderate Stage ( )
See handout.

5. Radical Stage ( )
See handout.

6. Reactionary Stage (1795-1799) Thermidorian Reaction Director
Returned moderate bourgeois reformers to power
Director
Five-member executive
Napoleon Bonaparte put down a riot that threatened the power of the Directory

7. Napoleon
1799
After victories against Austria and England, Napoleon overthrows the Directory and forms a new gov’t
The Consulate

8. Domestic Reforms Concordat of 1801 Code Napoleon (1804)
Pope renounced claims over Church lands seized during Revolution
Priests who resisted the Civil Constitution of the Clergy would be restored, replacing the jurying priests
Code Napoleon (1804)
Uniform legal system
State-supported education (1808)
Lowered taxes and redistributed land to peasantry

9. Conquests and Defeats Italy
1797 – established Cisalpine Republic in Northern Italy
1809 – controlled virtually all of Italy
Abolished feudalism
Decided against national unity in Italy

10. Conquests and Defeats Germany Defeated Austria and Prussia
Consolidated many of the nearly 300 political entities
Abolished feudalism
Planted the seeds of German nationalism

11. Conquests and Defeats The Continental System Spain
Closed all ports to British commerce
Spain
Replaced the Spanish king with his brother
Spanish rebelled in a bloody guerilla war supported by the British

12. Conquests and Defeats Russia Invasion of Russia – June 1812
Because Russia withdrew from the Continental System
600,000 troops
Russians used scorched earth tactics
Napoleon took Moscow
Winter – retreat
Only 22,000 returned

13. Collapse of Empire Riots in Italy British invasion in southern France
Napoleon defeated – October 1813
Russia, Prussia, and Austria
Battle of Leipzig
Abdicated as emperor – April 4, 1814
Bourbons restored
Napoleon exiled to Elba

14. Congress of Vienna September 1814-June 1815
Representatives of the major powers meet to redraw map of Europe and create a balance of power
Rule of legitimacy
Return rightful rulers to their thrones

15. Congress of Vienna Napoleon makes a brief return in March 1815
Defeated at Waterloo by British/Prussia force
Exiled to Saint Helena in South Atlantic
Concert of Europe – alliance
England, Russia, Prussia, and Austria
Ensure status quo
Prevent spread of revolution and republican ideas