1. Topic: Reasons for and Types of Migration
Aim: Why do people migrate?
Do Now: Why would you move away from home after high school (or not)?
“Little Haiti”, Miami, Florida

2. Movement vs. Migration
Write down (in a few sentences) your physical movements in a given day.
For example, I would write “I leave my house in Montclair, get in my car and drive to Verona…”
Flip it over and draw a simple diagram

3. Activity Space of Each Family Member

4. Movement vs. Migration Activity space Cyclic movement
A daily routine that takes a person through a sequence of short moves
Sort of a functional region!
Can be influenced by culture
Members on one ethnic group may display a spatially distinct activity space
Cyclic movement
Commuting, e.g.
Seasonal movement
“Where do you summer?”, e.g.
Nomadism
Water sources, pastures

5. Migration
When movement results in a permanent relocation across significant distances
Emigration vs. Immigration
migration from a location vs. migration to a location
Place “A” can have individuals migrating away from and to it. Emigrant: Place A → Place B Immigrant: Place B → Place A

6. Reasons for Migration

7. Why Do People Migrate?
Two types of factors, often working in combination
Push factors induce people to move out of their present location
Pull factors induce people to move into a new location
Three major types of push and pull factors
Political
Environmental
Economic
Ravenstein’s laws help geographers make generalizations about where and how far people move.
Most people migrate for economic reasons.
Political and environmental also induce migration but less often.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

8. Factors of Place Desirability
Less-desirable places
DISCUSSION:
* What are some of the "more-desirable places" to migrate to within your state, province, or country?
* What are some of the "less-desirable places" to migrate to within your state, province, or country?
More-desirable places
What are some of the "more-desirable places" to migrate to within your state, province, or country?
* What are some of the "less-desirable places" to migrate to within your state, province, or country?

9. What are push factors of migration?
Unfavorable characteristics of a locale that contribute to the dissatisfaction of its residents and impel their emigration
Examples: widespread unemployment; poverty; discrimination; political unrest; war; famine and/or drought; land shortage; overpopulation

10. What are pull factors of migration?
Characteristics of a locale that act as attractive forces, drawing migrants from other places
Examples: employment opportunities; political and/or personal freedoms (speech; religion, right to vote, etc.); land; amenities (e.g. retirement)
Many people move based on excessively positive images and expectations – not always accurate

11. Article Assignment Reminders
Identify the article!
“Article Title,” Author, Publication, date
Key concepts
Must analyze > 3
Unit Syllabus, textbook
Should be relevant to week’s topics
Please highlight the terms

12. E.G. RAVENSTEIN (1834 - 1913) British sociologist
Do now = READING CHECK:
What are his LAWS OF MIGRATION?
Most migrants go only a short distance
Distance decay
People will travel farther if they are migrating to a city
Rural inhabitants are more likely to migrate than urban
Families are less likely to make international moves
Most international migrants are young males
Less valid today than when first proposed. Females now comprise between 40-60% of all international migrants worldwide
Most people migrate for economic reasons 12

13. Economic Factors: The most common reason for migration
Economic Factors: The most common reason for migration. Migrants will often risk their lives in hopes of economic opportunities that will enable them to send money home (remittances) to their family members who remain behind.
60% of all illegals in the US are from Mexico-about 12 million
As of Nov. 07 Mexican government report concluded that the continued low wages & social inequality will generate out migration to the US of roughly 500,000 per year for next 15 years.
Jan. 08 last restrictions on imports of corn, beans and wheat will be lifted as required by NAFTA-imports of highly subsidized food from US & Canadian agribusinesses have driven millions of people out of rural Mexico.
Mexico’s problem-it is ruled by an oligarchy of rich families in a system of hyper-crony capitalism-unfortunately NAFTA has only reinforced this system.
The dirty little secret of Mexican out-migration is that it is encouraged by the oligarch run government as a safety valve. The wife of a high ranking Mexican official stated “If the Americans seal the border, there will be revolution here.”
From Jeff Faux’s article What to Really Do About Immigration, American Prospect. Jan/Feb 2008

14. Economic Migration: Ireland

15. Net In/Out Migration
Difference between emigrants and immigrants is net migration
If immigrants exceed emigrants, net migration is (+) and called net-in migration
If reversed, net migration is (-) and called net-out migration

16. Migrant workers in Southwest Asia:
Many migrant workers have died in this region over the last several years, due to extremely poor working conditions. The Philippine government considers only two countries in this region “safe” for Filipino migrant workers – Israel and Oman.

17. Political Factors Voluntary Forced Push Pull Persecution, unrest
Rights, freedoms
Forced
Slavery
Refugee
Forced to migrate to avoid violence or disaster
Internally displaced person (IDP)
Like a refugee, but within borders
Asylum seeker
Seeks to be recognized as refugee

18. Environmental Factors
Migrants from Hurricane Katrina
Pulled
towards attractive physical environments (mountains, proximity to water, etc)
Pushed
due to environmental disasters, pollution, lack of resources (clean water, etc).
The ‘Dust Bowl’ of the 1930’s, e.g.

19. In Montserrat, a 1995 volcano made the southern half of the island, including the capital city of Plymouth, uninhabitable. People who remained migrated to the north or to the U.S.

20. Types of Migration

21. Migration can be divided into two categories: International Migration
Permanent move from one country to another
Voluntary
Forced
Internal Migration
Permanent move within the same country
Interregional
Intraregional
International Migration-
Voluntary international migration could be motivated by perceived economic or quality of life improvement.
Forced international migration is motivated by political or environmental factors.
Internal Migration-
Interregional – movement from one region to another. i.e. rural to urban.
Intraregional- movement within a region. i.e. central city to a newer suburban center.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

22. INTERNATIONAL AND INTERNAL MIGRATION
Mexico has international migration into the country from Central America and out of the country to the United States.
Mexico also has internal migration, especially interregional migration to states near the U.S. border and intraregional migration into Mexico City.
FIGURE 3.4 INTERNATIONAL AND INTERNAL MIGRATION Mexico has international migration into the country from Central America and out of the country to the United States. Mexico also has internal migration, especially interregional migration to states near the U.S. border and intraregional migration into Mexico City.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

23. Internal Migration: U.S.
Seniors: adopt a sophomore, junior, or both
Brainstorm internal migrations throughout U.S. history
Westward migration mid-1800s
“Great migration” African-Americans after Civil War moved north and west
Has been reversing recently
Sun Belt
Trail of Tears, etc. – Native Americans move west
Slaves being “sold down the river”
Invention of the cotton gin shifts southern economy to deep south

24. CHANGING CENTER OF U.S. POPULATION The population center is the average location of everyone in the country, the “center of population gravity.” If the United States were a flat plane placed on top of a pin, and each individual weighed the same, the population center would be the point where the population distribution causes the flat plane to balance on the head of a pin.
FIGURE 3-9 CHANGING CENTER OF U.S. POPULATION The population center is the average location of everyone in the country, the “center of population gravity.” If the United States were a flat plane placed on top of a pin, and each individual weighed the same, the population center would be the point where the population distribution causes the flat plane to balance on the head of a pin.
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

25. Voluntary vs. Forced Migration
Voluntary migration
The migrant makes the decision to move
Most migration is voluntary
Push and pull factors determine whom and where
Forced Migration
Involuntary migration in which the mover has no role in the decision-making process
Slavery
Human trafficking
Refugees
Military conscription
Children of migrants

26. Texas Textbook Controversy

27. Intervening Obstacles
Intervening obstacles, which hinder migration, can be categorized into two types.
Environmental Feature- i.e., mountain, ocean, or distance
Political Feature- i.e., countries require proper documentation to leave one country and gain entry in another

28. Reviewing your migration story
What were the push factors?
What were the pull factors?
What were the intervening obstacles?