1. Fracture neck Femur

2. Could be intracapsular or extracapsular Intracapsular # neck femur is notoriously known as an orthopedic enigma (difficult problem), Problem of healing, why ? –Synovial fluid lyse clot at the # site and thereby destroy another mode of secondary healing –Displaced # leads to avascularity

5. Clinical significance of vascular anatomy Common complication of intracapsular # neck femur : –Avascular necrosis of femoral head and –Nonunion # neck femur

6. Aetiology : - –Common in older patients with osteoporosis or osteomalacia Mechanism of injury : –Due to trivial fall, as a result of direct blow over the greater trochanter –Lateral rotation of the extremity –Major trauma in young adults like RTA, fall etc. –Cyclical loading due to muscle force and torsion.

7. Classification Garden`s and Pauwel`s in adults and Delbet`s classification in children are used. Broad classification –Intracapsular – from subcapital area to the middle of the neck. –Extracapsular – from base of the neck to the pertrochanteric region

8. Classification:- –Intracapsular Fractures This is divided according to the level of the fracture line in the neck as follows. – 1) Subcapital 2) Transcervical 3) Basal (at the junction of neck and shaft ) –Extracapsular Fractures - grouped as Trochanteric fractures of various types.

10. Gardens classification –grade1: incomplete fracture of the femoral neck. –grade 2: complete fracture but undisplaced. –grade 3: complete fracture with partial displacement. –grade 4: complete fracture with total displacement.

11. Classification (Garden). –Stage I : incomplete fracture of the neck

12. stage II : complete fracture but undisplaced

13. stage III: complete with partial displacement Fig : -

14. stage IV : complete femoral neck fracture with full displacement: Fig : -

15. Subcapital fractures are classified by : - –Pauwels Classification: Type I : - has an obliquity ranging from 0 to 30 degrees Type II : - has an obliquity ranging from 30 to 50 degrees Type III : - has an obliquity of 70 or more degrees - The greater the obliquity in the fracture, the higher the chances of either delayed or nonunion.

16. Pauwels classification however refers to the angle the fracture line makes with the horizontal

17. Delbet`s classification –Transepiphyseal : - at the junction of the head and neck –Transcervical : - through the middle of the neck –Basal : - at the junction of neck and shaft –Intertrochanteric : - in between the greater and lesser trochanters –Pertrochanteric : - at the level of the trochanteric

19. Clinical features Pain Restriction of movements of the affected hip On examination : - –Tenderness over the anterior hip joint line –Minimal shortening and external rotational deformity of the affected limb due to the fracture being intracasular –Active straight leg raising is difficult In impacted # complains : - –Groin pain, restriction of hip movement

20. Investigations X – ray AP and lateral view of the hip joint. Following points are noted : - –The extent of fracture line whether complete or incomplete –The fracture angle –Break in the shenton`s line –Prominent lesser trochanter –the degree of osteoporosis (Singh`s index)

21. . Shenton's line is an imaginary line drawn along the inferior border of the superior pubic ramus (superior border of the obturator foramen) and along the inferomedial border of the neck of femur. This line should be continuous and smooth.superior pubic ramusobturator foramenfemur Interruption of Shenton's line can indicate fractured neck of femur - named after the English radiologist Edward Warren Hine Shenton (1872-1955 )

22. Singh`s index - it measures the degree of osteoporosis in the proximal femur based on radiographic evaluation of the trabecular pattern and helps to decide the choice of implants.

23. Other Investigations –To show avascular changes : - –Venography –Intraosseous pressure recording –Isotope scanning –Bone scan with technetium – 99m,sulphur colloid

24. Treatment Emergency condition and should be reduced and fixed within 24 hours to get an optimum result. Aims of treatment : - –Early anatomical reduction which helps prevent further vascular damage. –Impaction of the # fragments. –Rigid internal fixation

25. Broad treatment guidelines Age group undisplaced More than 70 years DHS Young adults DHS Children HIP spica DHS = dynamic hip screws THR = total hip replacement Displaced Prosthesis THR DHS Osteotomy or prosthesis Multiple Moore`s pinning Osteotomy arthrodesis Multiple Moore`s pinning

26. Dynamic Hip Screw

27. Dynamic hip screw- DHS Most commonly used device for both stable and unstable fracture patterns. Plate angle is variable 130 to 150 degrees. Has to be positioned centrally in the femoral head. Use of radiological views to know the exact position.

28. Austin Moore's prosthesis.

29. Total Hip Replacement

30. Hip spica plaster

31. Arthrodesis (joint fusion )

32. Treatment plans as per garden`s classification : - Garden 1 : - –Conservative : - Hip spica ( old #, unfit for surgery ) –Surgery : - multiple Moore`s pinning Grade 2 : - (# complete ) –DHS or multiple cannulated AO screws Grade 3 / 4 : - –Conservative : - Hip spica, leg traction –Surgery : - –Anatomical reduction, impaction and stable internal fixation

33. Fracture treated with A.O cannulated screws

35. Skin Traction set

36. Skeletal traction

38. Reduction techniques Closed reduction with hip in extension : - Whitmann`s method : - –Extension + internal rotation +abduction movements of the hip Massie : - –Forceful internal rotation of the limb Mc Elevenny : - –Extension + external rotation + internal rotation +adduction movement. Deyerle : - –Traction with extension + foot is internally rotated +force applied on greater trochanter from anterior to posterior direction

39. Closed reduction with hip in flexion Lead better method : - –Flexion of hip, traction along long axis of femur, thigh internally rotated and abducted. –Evaluate reduction by “ heel palm test “ Heel palm test : –Heel of the affected limb should remain neutral in the palm of the clinician`s hand and not lie externally rotated after reduction. Smith peterson : - –Slight hip flexion +then internal rotation +abduction + extension Flynn : - –Flexon, traction along the femoral neck.

40. Other treatment options After 70 years,in Displaced # of femoral neck, treatment options : - –Hemireplacement arthroplasty ( displaced intracapsular # neck of femur ) –Osteotomy –THR

41. Complications Thromboembolism : - leading cause of death within first 7 days ( 40 % ) Nonunion Avascular necrosis

42. Nonunion Nonunion rate 85 – 95 % If there is no evidence of radiological healing taking place between 6 and 12 months at treatment on a radiograph, it is declared as nonunion. Causes : - –Inaccurate reduction –Poor internal fixation –Avascularity of femoral head Clinical features : - –Unable to bear the weight on the affected side –Wasting of the muscles –Minimal shortening of the affected lower limb

43. Radiology –X – ray of the hip shows ununited # neck of femur and avascular changes in the head.

44. Treatment Head viable Osteotomy + bone grafting Head not viable 1.acetabular cartilage viable : - - hemireplacement arthroplasty by using a prosthesis - bipolar arthtroplasty 2. acetabular cartilage not viable: - total hip replacement

45. Avascular necrosis Survival of head depends on : - –Uninjuired vascular supply –Revascularisation Vascular injury occurs : - –At the time of # commonly –During reduction or internal fixation Hence, good anatomical reduction and stable internal fixation is required to preserve the remaining blood supply, which help in revascularisation

46. Investigation –X – rays shows increased density of the femoral head, and this may take 6 months to 2 years to be seen on radiographs. –Bone scan ( for avascularity ) Treatment : - –Symptomatic treatment ( bed rest, NSAIDs) –Displacement or angulation osteotomy in early stages –Hemireplacement prosthesis ( acetabular cartilage viable) –Total hip replacement (acetabular cartilage is not viable )

47. Prosthesis for hemiarthroplasty of the hip joint

48. bipolar hemiprosthesis

49. Bipolar hip prosthesis