1. Biomolecules a.k.a “organic compounds” The Chemical Building Blocks of Life

2. The Chemistry of Carbon Organic molecules contain carbon Carbon’s ____ valence electrons allow it to form up to ____ covalent bonds. WHY??? It can easily bond to itself and form long chains –Linear- Cyclic- Branched Make ethane (CH 4 ) Make a cyclical benzene C 6 H 6

3. Functional Groups Chemical properties and reactivity are a result of functional groups- a configuration of atoms attached to the carbon skeleton Functional groups maintain chemical properties no matter where they occur Polar molecules are hydrophilic Nonpolar molecules are hydrophobic The degree to which organic molecules interact with water affects their function Hydroxyl group (-OH) is one of the most common functional groups, it will make a molecule soluble in water

4. Macromolecules – The Sum of the Parts Many complex biological activities require large macromolecules Macromolecules are polymers built by linking together small subunits called monomers –Proteins are polymers of amino acids –Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides –Polysaccharides (starch and glycogen) are polymers of simple sugars (monosaccharides)

5. Condensation It’s not just for the water cycle anymore Macromolecules are constructed by covalently bonding monomers by condensation reactions where water is removed from the functional groups of the monomers Dehydration synthesis (water is removed) A hydroxyl (-OH) from one monomer and a hydrogen (-H) from another are removed

6. Condensation reactions are anabolic: This means smaller, lower energy, less complex molecules are built up into larger, higher energy, and more complex molecules. This requires a net input of energy.

7. Hydrolysis Hydrolysis is the reverse of condensation Results in the break down of polymers Hydration reactions add water and break bonds releasing energy animation

8. Hydrolysis reactions are catabolic: This means larger, higher energy, and more complex molecules are broken down into smaller, lower energy, less complex molecules. This requires a net release of energy.

9. Macromolecules Perform complex tasks with precision Basic structure and function of each family similar in all organisms (bacteria – humans)

10. Families of Biomolecules Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

11. Basic Function Carbo’sLipidsN. AcidsProteins Energy Storage Structure Long term storage Insulation Protection Inheritance Blueprint for metabolism Catalysts Hormones Structure Starch Glycogen Glucose Sucrose Cellulose Lipid Fats Oils Waxes DNA RNA ATP Proteins Enzymes

12. Carbohydrates How Sweet It Is! General formula (CH 2 O) n Simple sugars or large molecules made of sugar monomers Monosaccharides (monomer) are covalently linked by condensation reaction to form polysaccharides (polymers)

13. Sugars Monosaccharides –Five carbon: Ribose –Six carbon: glucose and fructose Disaccharides –Sucrose –Lactose Polysaccharides –Starch –Cellulose –Glycogen

14. Polysaccharides Three Types Glycogen – animal storage product that accumulates in the liver - Highly branched GlucoseGlycogenglucosebloodstream Starch – plant energy storage - Helical - Easily digested by animals through hydrolysis

15. Cellulose Polysaccharide found in plant cell walls For humans cellulose is indigestible and forms dietary fiber Made up entirely of β glucoses –Structure is constrained into straight microfibrils Not an energy source for animals Chitin – insect exoskeletons

16. Lipids Long-term energy storage Generally insoluble in water –nonpolar –hydrophobic Structural components of cells (phospholipids) Cellular messengers (hormones)

17. More FAT Triglycerides are composed of three fatty acids covalently bonded to one glycerol molecule Fatty acids are composed of CH 2 units and are hydrophobic Fatty acids can be saturated (all single bonds) or unsaturated (one or more double bonds) A fat (mostly saturated) is solid at room temp., while an oil (mostly unsaturated) is liquid at room temp.

18. Glycerol is a molecule with three carbons in a row, each with a hydroxide group Fatty acid chains are hydrocarbons that is, they are composed of mostly carbons and hydrogens. This is a molecule that is VERY hydrophobic. When glycerol combines with the fatty acid chains it forms a carboxyl group between them They link by the loss of a water molecule. Carbon can bond to four different substances, but sometimes it will share more than one pair of electrons. animation

19. Phospholipids Important structural component of cell membranes Phosphate group (head) is polar and water soluble (hydrophilic) Two fatty acid tails are hydrophobic This allows the phospholipids to form bilayers and membranes

20. Other Lipids Steroids –Insoluble in water –Built around a four ringed skeleton Cholesterol –Component for animal cell membranes –Formation of myelin sheath covering nerves Hormones –Chemical messengers Waxes –Many fatty acids linked to a long backbone –Waterproofing in plants, ears, beehives overview

21. Proteins 50% dry weight of body Mammal cell contains 10,000 proteins Control elements (enzymes) –Organic catalysts –Mediators of metabolism –Direct development, maintenance, and growth Structural elements (cell membrane, muscles, ligaments, hair, fingernails) Regulate what goes into/out of cells

22. Building Blocks of Proteins Amino Acids Amino acids (monomers) are linked together to form proteins (polymers) –Each unique sequence of amino acids forms a different protein –All living things (even viruses) use the same 20 amino acids 20 different Amino Acids –Amino end (NH 2 ) –Carboxyl end (COOH) –Hydrogen –R group – variable component

23. Amino Acids Amino Acids are grouped by whether R- group is polar or non- polar Positively charged side chain Negatively charged side chains Polar but uncharged side chains Hydrophobic side chains Special cases

24. Protein Assembly AA’s are linked together by joining the amino end of one molecule to the carboxyl end of another Peptide bond forms a chain called a polypeptide http://www.biotopics.co.uk/ as/aminocon.html

25. Protein Structure Primary structure –Specific linear sequence of AA’s in a polypeptide –Determined from code in inherited genetic material –Changes in primary structure can alter proper functioning of the protein

26. Secondary structure - the tendency of the polypeptide to coil or – pleat due to H-bonding between R- groups -  - helix,  -pleated sheet, or random coil

27. Tertiary structure - shape of entire chain; folded, twisted, or – globular - shape related to function and properties

28. Quaternary structure - more than one polypeptide chain

29. Nucleic Acids Polymers composed of monomer units known as nucleotides Information storage –DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) Protein synthesis –RNA (ribonucleic acid) Energy transfers –ATP (adenosine tri-phosphate) and NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)

30. Nucleotides Nucleotide structure –Phosphate –Nitrogenous base  Purines (double-rings)  Adenine and Guanine  Pyrimidines (single-rings)  Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil –Sugar – either ribose or deoxyribose  pentoses in ring form  Deoxyribose lacks one oxygen

31. Functions of Nucleic Acids DNA – Physical carrier of genetic information –Restricted to nucleus RNA – key component of protein synthesis –Messenger RNA (mRNA) – blueprint for construction of a protein –Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) – construction site where the protein is made –Transfer RNA (tRNA) – truck delivering the proper AA to the site of construction

32. The End