1. The Linguistics of SLA Saville-Troike, M. (2005). Introducing second language acquisition. New York: Cambridge UP. 10-1002

2. The Nature of Language Languages: Systematic, Symbolic, & Social Language Knowledge –Lexicon (voc) –Phonology (sound system) –Morphology (word structure) –Syntax (grammar) –Semantics (sentence meaning) –Pragmatics (hidden meaning) –Discourse

3. Early Approaches to SLA Contrastive Analysis (CA) Hypothesis (60s) Structuralism/Behaviorism L1 vs. L2: the languages & cultures S-R-R: Stimulus-Response-Reinforcement Transfer: Positive vs. Negative (ST, p. 36) Problems: –Logical problem in LL (creativity) –No enough evidence for errors –No accurate prediction

4. Early Approaches to SLA Error Analysis (EA) (70s) Creativity to construct language Behaviorism to Mentalism/Rationalism: Chomsky ’ s (1957, 1965) Transformational-Generative Grammar / Universal Grammar Errors ≠ Bad habits (Corder, 1967) = window to mind = window to mind Procedure of EA (p. 39-40) Problems: UG? Avoidance?

5. Early Approaches to SLA Interlanguage (IL) (70s) Creative Process in Environment of L2 (Selinker, 1972) (ex. p. 42) Features: –Systematic rules –Dynamic b/w L1 & L2 –Variable in context –Reduced system in form & function –Overgeneralization of L2 Accents Fossilized: 阿諾

6. Early Approaches to SLA Morpheme Order (70s) Linguistics to Cognition Natural Order in L1 & L2 Learning (Brown, 1973; Dulay & Burt, 1974) (p. 44)

7. Early Approaches to SLA Monitor Model (late 70s) Stephen Krashen (1978) : Great influence in the 80s and 90s. Features: –Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis –Monitor Hypothesis –Natural Order Hypothesis  Zero Option Hypothesis –Input Hypothesis –Affective Filter

8. Universal Grammar (UG) (80s) Generative-Transformational Grammar  Universal Grammar (Language Faculty) (Chomsky) UG: Head-initial / Head-final