1. 19 vii 2011Astro-H Stanford1 Scientific Opportunities Roger Blandford KIPAC Stanford

2. Astro-H Science HXI –5-80 keV, 2’, ~100’ 2, 0.03 m 2, ~10  Crab, 10  s SGD –40-600 keV, ~2keV, 0.02 m 2, ~ mCrab, polarimetry SXI –0.4-12 keV, 2’, ~1000’ 2, 0.04 m 2, ~100nCrab, 4s SXS –0.3-12 keV, 3’ 2, 0.02 m 2, R~1000 19 vii 2011Astro-H Stanford2 2014 Suzaku ++ NuSTAR

3. The Future of X-ray Telescopes Reformulation of ESA program –ATHENA, daughter?? of XEUS??? –L class selection. February 2012, 3->2? –First launch 2020? NASA program –NuSTAR, GEMS, Explorers? –AO for concept studies? eROSITA, ASTROSAT 19 vii 2011Astro-H Stanford3

4. ATHENA Reformulation of ESA L-class Downselect in Feb 2012 3->2? Launch >2020 19 vii 2011Astro-H Stanford4

5. NuSTAR 19 vii 2011Astro-H Stanford5 2012-14+, Pegasus Compact object census –Galactic/extragalactic (XRB) SNR/nucleosynthesis AGN jets

6. ASTROSAT 2012? -2017 Multi-wavelength monitoring, HX(UV) survey, spectroscopy 19 vii 2011Astro-H Stanford6

7. eROSITA 19 vii 2011Astro-H Stanford7 2013 launch w SRG 0.5-10keV Data collaboration?

8. The Future of X-ray Astrophysics X-ray astronomy has always been a technique–driven field –->arcsecond, eV,  s resolution, nCrab sensitivity! Most astronomical sources are observed –Pulsars, protostars, planets… Most X-ray astrophysics is now multi- –-and watch out for GW, VHE s, cosmic rays… Have to learn how to incorporate new observations with lost capability –Chandra! Poorly understood processes in different sources. –Thermal conduction, viscosity, shocks… seek scalings Simulations are increasingly important –Clusters, black holes supernovae.. 19 vii 2011Astro-H Stanford8

9. Science Opportunities Intergalactic Gas Galactic Gas Relativistic Astrophysics Particle Acceleration Stars and Planets 19 vii 2011Astro-H Stanford9

10. Intergalactic Gas Standard cosmological model –Kinematics  CDM, H 0 … IGM density, temperature, entropy, composition –Simulation and measurement –Missing baryons –EoR from radio astronomy Clusters of galaxies –Found and measured by SZ, lensing, optical…. –Bounded by strong shocks? –Subject to instabilities? –Dark matter and cosmic rays Cosmological Probes –w, w’? m  M-L, M-T scaling, bias, mergers 19 vii 2011Astro-H Stanford10

11. Galactic Gas Black Hole - Galaxy connection and co-evolution –Mergers, binary black holes Evolution of M –  relation? Gas flow into galactic nuclei –Feeding of disks Bars, magnetic field, dynamical friction? Outflows from disks –Obscured AGN – torus, warped disk or wind Escape velocity? Momentum- or energy-driven AGN jets – M’, S? collimation, particle acceleration 19 vii 2011Astro-H Stanford11

12. Relativistic Astrophysics Massive black holes –Test/use Kerr metric Fe lines, reverberation, location of continuum source Stellar capture, tidal disruption –BH Evolution – Central Dogma -M, M’, S Winds, BALQs, jets => dynamics of disk-hole interaction 4D simulations Stellar Black Holes –QPOs, Fe lines -> S (Quasars for the impatient) –ULX’s, GRBs? Neutron Stars –M-R relation -> EOS, metric of rapidly spinning neutron stars –Magnetars –Astroseismology, QPOs 19 vii 2011Astro-H Stanford12

13. Particle Acceleration Cosmic acceleration impressive! –Stars-Gev, AGN-TeV, PWN/SNR-PeV, UHECR-ZeV What? –Hadrons (p-Fe?) vs leptons, (e - -e + ?) Blazars are leptonic –Magnetic field amplification? Especially at shocks Where? –Shocks, line and sheet currents, contact discontinuities, turbulence… SNRs, Jets, Clusters PWN, Crab variation… 19 vii 2011Astro-H Stanford13

14. Stars and Planets 19 vii 2011Astro-H Stanford14 Normal stars and star clusters –Imaging and spectroscopy Protostars –Four types of protostar detected in X-rays –Disk coronae Exoplanets –565 certified, 1235 candidates –Pushing down to earth masses –Habitability??

15. Summary There is a rapidly changing landscape in X-ray astronomy Astro-H is (remarkably) still on track Great science opportunities studying intergalactic and galactic gas, relativistic astrophysics, particle acceleration, stars and planets Must be executed in total observational context Current science program is exciting and robust but some adjustment of priorities may be called for 19 vii 2011Astro-H Stanford15