1. Introduction to Law

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3. Topics Covered A. Nature of Law B. Classification of Law
C. Sources of Law
D. Legal Analysis

4. Nature of Law
Definition of Law—a rule of civil conduct prescribed by the supreme power in a state, commanding what is right, and prohibiting what is wrong” (Blackstone)
Functions of Law — to maintain stability in the social, political, and economic system through dispute resolution, protection of property, and the preservation of the state, while simultaneously permitting ordered change

5. Nature of Law (cont’d)
Legal Sanctions — are means by which the law enforces the decisions of the courts
Law and Morals — are different but overlapping; law provides sanctions, while morals do not
Law and Justice — are separate and distinct concepts; justice is the fair, equitable, and impartial treatment of competing interests with due regard for the common good

6. Law and Morals
MORALS
“You should not silently stand by and watch a blind man walk off a cliff.”
LAW
“You must drive on the right side of the road.”
BOTH “Thou shall not kill.”

7. Classification of Law Substantive and Procedural Law
Substantive— law creating rights and duties
Procedural— rules for enforcing substantive law
Public and Private Law
Public— law dealing with the relationship between government and individuals
Private— law governing the relationships among individuals and legal entities
Civil and Criminal Law
Civil— law dealing with rights and duties the violation of which constitutes a wrong against an individual or other legal entity
Criminal— law establishing duties which, if violated, constitute a wrong against the entire community

8. Classification of Law OR Public Law Substantive Law Private Law
Constitutional Law Criminal Law Administrative Law
Substantive Law
Private Law
Torts Contracts -- Sales Commercial Paper Agency Partnerships Corporations Property
Procedural Law OR
Methods of enforcement (courts)

9. Comparison of Civil & Criminal Law
Civil Law
Criminal Law
Commencement of
Aggrieved individual
State or federal government
action
(plaintiff) sues
prosecutes
Purpose
Compensation
Punishment
Deterrence
Deterrence
Rehabilitation
Preservation of peace
Burden of proof
Preponderance of the
Beyond a reasonable doubt
evidence
Outcome
Liable/Not liable
Guilty/Not guilty
Monetary damages
Capital punishment
Principal sanctions
Equitable remedies
Imprisonment
Fines

10. Sources of Law
Constitutional Law -- fundamental law of a government establishing its powers and limitations
Judicial Law -- Common Law body of law developed by the courts and Equity based upon principles distinct from common law and providing remedies not available at law
Legislative Law -- statutes adopted by legislative bodies includes Treaties and Executive Orders 
Administrative Law -- rules, regulations, orders, and decisions made by administrative agencies¤

11. Federal Administrative Law
Hierarchy of Law
U.S. Constitution
Treaties
Federal Statutes
Federal Administrative Law
Federal Common Law
State Constitution
State Statutes
State Administrative Law
State Common Law

12. JOIN KHALID AZIZ ECONOMICS OF ICMAP, ICAP, MA-ECONOMICS, B.COM.
FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING OF ICMAP STAGE 1,3,4 ICAP MODULE B, B.COM, BBA, MBA & PIPFA.
COST ACCOUNTING OF ICMAP STAGE 2,3 ICAP MODULE D, BBA, MBA & PIPFA.
CONTACT:
R-1173,ALNOOR SOCIETY, BLOCK 19,F.B.AREA, KARACHI, PAKISTAN