1. (c) gsc - dyads, triads1 Contains ‘overlay’ animations: Please download and save to your hard disk, then use your F5 key to actually run the presentation! (Just ‘scrolling through this presentation’ without actually running it will SURELY be very confusing for you!)

2. (c) gsc - dyads, triads2 ‘Silver Dyads, Golden Triads’ Dyads and Triads (and ‘structural graphics’ as a generic form) were concepts of which I initially saw some examples way back in 1979, in a few pages of Warfield’s book, “Societal Systems: Planning, Policy and Complexity” (Wiley, 1976). It was in fact just those few pages showing me examples of structural graphics that IMPELLED me to study the whole difficult book intensively (along with several other ‘subsidiary’ things besides) and extensively – which then “led to” the OPMS. Note: Work in progress. This presentation will be modified considerably in due course Some practical Tools for “Thinking Out Of The Box” Next: To be developed into several different presentations

3. (c) gsc - dyads, triads3 “A picture is worth a thousand words” Let’s look at some apparently very simple pictures that COULD be literally worth many more than thousands of words!

4. (c) gsc - dyads, triads4 A ‘monad’: A single idea standing on its own IDEA We represent it like this: OR IDEA One really cannot do much with just a single idea (unless one already knows how to handle many ideas!) The concept is here just to help kick-start the process!

5. (c) gsc - dyads, triads5 Now: consider the effect of the prose definition alone on your mind - versus the effect (next) when the structure representing the prose is available to explain it. Definition: A “SILVER DYAD” is a set of two ideas applied collectively and integratively Idea 2Idea 1 And that is precisely why we recommend the ‘prose + structural graphics’ mode ! If the above definition is clear to you, would some of you like to make it clear to everyone else? Relationship(s) should be specified when ideas are specified Structural Graphics Representation Now, here’s a suggestion that I believe does help to clarify the definition of “Silver Dyad”: Silver Dyad Would you agree that the structural graphics representation enables us to understand the prose with significantly enhanced clarity? Prose: Is this definition clear to you” The relationships MUST be specified clearly!

6. (c) gsc - dyads, triads6 ‘Prose + structural graphics’ (p+sg) could help us clearly understand complex systems as it helps explain the relationships between factors in those systems!

7. (c) gsc - dyads, triads7 Golden Triad A set of THREE ideas that are applied collectively and integratively

8. (c) gsc - dyads, triads8 Graphical Representation of Golden Triad I1I1 I2I2 I3I3

9. (c) gsc - dyads, triads9 I have found dyads and triads to add significant clarity to my thinking when used in conjunction with the processes embedded in the OPMS I understand it has been mathematically proven that any ‘clustering’ of idea-elements more than three in number can be reduced to a logical combination of monads, dyads &/or triads! In any case, dyads and triads do seem to be powerful tools to enable and enhance clarity of thought The next slide presents anecdotal evidence that the mathematical theorem referred earlier may well be true - but we believe that this claim does not really require to be proved in detail for our day-to-day work.

10. (c) gsc - dyads, triads10 Using the concepts of ‘Dyad’, ‘Triad’ and OPMS ‘collectively and integratively’, you can simultaneously get an ‘overview’ of any situation AND the details as required! At least, this has been my experience. The process could add great power to your thinking – it has certainly added enormously to mine! Here are some examples of Silver Dyads and Golden Triads At the end of this presentation, we illustrate with a picture of a dyad and a triad that may help convince! (Slides 50-52)

11. (c) gsc - dyads, triads11 Some real-life examples of ‘Silver Dyads’

12. (c) gsc - dyads, triads12 Mind Brain Examples of ‘Silver Dyads’: The ‘stuff’ of Cognitive Research

13. (c) gsc - dyads, triads13 Teaching Learning Some more examples: The ‘stuff’ of Cognitive Research

14. (c) gsc - dyads, triads14 Unlearning Learning Some more examples: The ‘stuff’ of Cognitive Research

15. (c) gsc - dyads, triads15 Synthesis Analysis This dyad is, I believe, at the heart of logic development... Standard logic tools largely enable only ‘analysis’ – synthesis is rarely if ever formally a part of the process. OPMS enables and ensures the iterative process of the dyad ‘a+s’ Prose shorthand title of above dyad: “a+s” – ‘Analysis’ + ‘Synthesis’ + Relationships between these elements The process of analysis by itself is generally not iterative The ‘analysis + synthesis’ (a+s) process ensures that the needed iteration and re-iteration will happen because of the following: A little analysis leads to a need for synthesis (as well as an ability to synthesize various elements of the analysis), which in turn could lead to further analysis,… and so on. The OPMS process actually enforces iteration and reiteration quite strongly! “leads to” (both directions)

16. (c) gsc - dyads, triads16 WrongRight This dyad studied since 1979 led to the concept of OPMS in 1983, and all the development subsequently HardwareSoftwareMindBodyAdultChildReasonIntuition Structural Graphics Prose TeacherStudentWomanMan More Examples of Silver Dyads… The OPMS approach – practically applying reason to intuition CLAIM: The whole IT industry has grown through the exploration and real-life development of just this silver dyad! (And, there are plenty more dyads to explore in this connection!) Explained a bit more, later… The “intuition” is BUILT INTO each of the elements as they occur to the enquiring mind – the “reason” is BUILT INTO the way appropriate relationships help us ‘organize’ the elements!

17. (c) gsc - dyads, triads17 Structural Graphics Prose The ‘p+sg’ dyad: we separate the arrows, in order to show the model’s different meanings in the different directions of the arrow: “Prose implicitly contains Structural Graphics” “Structural Graphics help to explain Prose (through relationships implicitly contained in that Prose)” “implicitly contains” “helps explain”

18. (c) gsc - dyads, triads18 User S/W Developer QUESTION: HOW to apply them collectively and integratively?

19. (c) gsc - dyads, triads19 Here’s a quick overview of the process of Software Development as a whole: User articulates ‘user needs’ (with help as needed from the s/w development team) S/W Developers respond with SRS User okays the SRS as adequately representing his/her needs as user S/W Developers respond with S/W that should satisfy (perhaps over iterations) the user needs… Next slide, we take a look at the process in terms of some simple ‘structural graphics’ The process as a graph, next slide:

20. (c) gsc - dyads, triads20 S/w User: Articulate Needs S/w Developer: Produce SRS S/w User: Okay SRS S/w Developer: Produce S/w to satisfy specifications in approved SRS “leads to” Iterations The process as a graph (ISM):

21. (c) gsc - dyads, triads21 User S/w Developer Define & Explore Relationships… What Is the Crucial Step? User Needs SRS Precisely what OPMS enables and ensures! It’s the detailed elaboration of this dyad in real life that leads to ALL your software!

22. (c) gsc - dyads, triads22 Applications Theory Here’s another very useful Silver Dyad

23. (c) gsc - dyads, triads23 Here are some real-life examples of ‘Golden Triads’

24. (c) gsc - dyads, triads24 BodyMind Spirit One:

25. (c) gsc - dyads, triads25 Intuition Reason Before we look at the next Golden Triad, let’s recall the ‘Silver Dyad’ we had initially seen: …which leads to…

26. (c) gsc - dyads, triads26 ReasonIntuition Reality …this Golden Triad Define & Explore Relationships! It has to be an ongoing process! Here’s a partial (very small part) translation of the Triad: “continuingly explore intuition through reason – checking both regularly against reality…” Intuition being the ideas one gets… …and reason being the exploration of appropriate relationships between ideas!

27. (c) gsc - dyads, triads27 View System – Examine Relationships – Study Structure.  Understand System System Relationships Structure Click for another Golden Triad:

28. (c) gsc - dyads, triads28 For instance, a good bit of what I do in my workshops is simply to try and explain some aspects of this particular Golden Triad! Intent Structure Lowest Level El. Trigger Questions Define & Explore Relationships! Some of these are Triads that I’ve been exploring in depth over the years– and I can certify that the process works! Another very useful Golden Triad:

29. (c) gsc - dyads, triads29 …it happens via the structure below: Continuing re-articulation of ‘lowest level element’ in an Intent Structure based on “contributes to” “leads to” Effective Action Plan to accomplish Mission! (Check out the ‘actioning process’ in OPMS)

30. (c) gsc - dyads, triads30 Most of the remainder is done without a profound knowledge base in detail of some of the ‘domains’ (software design and development) being discussed Warning!

31. (c) gsc - dyads, triads31 Developer User A software development organization’s primary focus might arise from this Dyad and then related Triads and other structures. We need to arrive at the proper understanding of what the Dyad means (and everything that develops from it):

32. (c) gsc - dyads, triads32 Possible example for S/w Co. Define & Explore Relationships! Marketing group of S/w Co. Developer User Software These are very general – they will need to be made very specific! Marketing Need S/w Product/Service

33. (c) gsc - dyads, triads33 BDMs* User Needs Marketing the software Is this a useful triad for Software Marketing? *BDM stands for: ‘Business Development Manager’

34. (c) gsc - dyads, triads34 PMs* ??? S/w development team Could such a triad be defined for this group – and then more specifically for each PM? *‘PM’: Project Manager

35. (c) gsc - dyads, triads35 Object Class Is this a ‘Silver Dyad for programmers?

36. (c) gsc - dyads, triads36 ClassObject Component And is this a ‘Golden Triad’ for them?

37. (c) gsc - dyads, triads37 DeveloperUser This Dyad (if it is ‘Silver’) … …may lead to …

38. (c) gsc - dyads, triads38 RequirementDesign Construction …this Triad: Is it ‘Golden’??

39. (c) gsc - dyads, triads39 Procedures & Processes Templates Quality Policy Could this Triad be ‘Golden’?If it is ‘Golden’, let’s call it “A”

40. (c) gsc - dyads, triads40 Functional Requirements Technical Specs System Could this Triad then be ‘B’?

41. (c) gsc - dyads, triads41 Coding Could this perhaps be ‘C’? System Testing Design Coding

42. (c) gsc - dyads, triads42 Functional Testing Customer Satisfaction Requirements Analysis And could this be ‘D’?

43. (c) gsc - dyads, triads43 Question: Now, can we put all of that together in some useful and usable way for the software development organisation? My claim is: using the OPMS approach, we certainly could! (but the people in the organisation should generate realistic elements – and then explore in detail the relationships between them)… A DC B (This is a dummy structure, of course!)

44. (c) gsc - dyads, triads44 “leading to” User Requirements Customer Satisfaction

45. (c) gsc - dyads, triads45 Trigger Question(s) Ideas Structures And here’s an example that could possibly help people overcome ‘start-up difficulties’ (in using OPMS) : This requires more elaboration – shall do in due course…

46. (c) gsc - dyads, triads46 Difficulties and how to overcome them

47. (c) gsc - dyads, triads47 …and your mind will of itself – almost automatically - suggest one or more ways to overcome that difficulty! Means to overcome difficulty! Difficulty Check out the silver dyad describing this feature of the human mind: For instance, just WRITE down any difficulty on any issue in which your have real interest… The OPMS process ensure systematic capture, crystallization and proper direction all the ideas your mind naturally generates! In fact, ISMs constructed in the ‘THINGS TO DO’ Dimension of the OPMS contains a very specific set of procedures to ensure that ‘ways to overcome DIFFICULTIES/ BARRIERS/ WEAKNESSES, etc’ are automatically integrated into the Action Planning developed to accomplish the Mission! Here’s some evidence illustrating the fact that your mind is a powerful tool that could be used to help overcome difficulties…

48. (c) gsc - dyads, triads48 Of course, we do also have the ‘reverse’ happening, so to speak: If one mind provides what appears to it to be a “good idea”… … other minds will – almost automatically - suggest one or more difficulties to show why that idea does not work! Difficulties hindering/ preventing that idea! Good Idea Check out this dyad describing this feature of ‘how minds interact’: Again, the OPMS process is most useful to help us handle this characteristic of human minds

49. (c) gsc - dyads, triads49 Using these concepts (integrated with OPMS proper), the difficulties listed below can be overcome: Difficulties in getting ideas in response to trigger questions (continuingly) Difficulties in changing the mode of work one is accustomed to… Difficulties in interpreting models – and finding out what to do next… Just write down your difficulty encountered…and everything else will surely follow – i.e. your mind will find ways to get over that difficulty! (If you actually write down elements, do needed modeling, and so on)

50. (c) gsc - dyads, triads50 Here’s a ‘teaser’ about some other closely related concepts – also very useful to enable and enhance ‘thinking out of the box’…

51. (c) gsc - dyads, triads51 Element AElement B Satisfaction & Frustration Cycles Arrows mean “contributes to” or “hinders” Ramesh PaiHolool Arrows mean “contributes significantly to Mission of” The Primary Satisfaction Cycle that has to be built at workplace Example:

52. (c) gsc - dyads, triads52 One needs to be quite familiar with the tools comprising the OPMS to use these cycles in a practical way. (I had first seen pictures like these in Warfield’s book on “Societal Systems” in 1979 – though it took me many, many years to learn how to use them in practice) Ramesh PaiHolool

53. (c) gsc - dyads, triads53 By the way, any of the dyads and triads illustrated could well become a suitable subject for a life-time of study and practical work. For instance, it could be claimed that the dyad below in one way more or less ‘encapsulates’ all of ‘Ethics’ Wrong Right

54. (c) gsc - dyads, triads54 For another example, the following Silver Dyad could become the focus of studies of the human being in many different ways: Adult Child

55. (c) gsc - dyads, triads55 Adult Growth of ‘mind + body’ Child Consider, for instance, the following ‘Golden Triad’: “Mens sana in corpore sano” Difficulties are likely to arise if we break up the complex and then try to treat the part as the entire whole (next two slides):

56. (c) gsc - dyads, triads56 Adult Growth of ‘body’ Child An unbalanced adult:

57. (c) gsc - dyads, triads57 Adult Growth of ‘mind’ Child Also unbalanced:

58. (c) gsc - dyads, triads58 To conclude: here is a very useful Golden Triad (sketched earlier in prose [at slide No. 8]) Dyad ‘S’Triad ‘G’ OPMS The ‘complex’ Golden Triad below has in fact motivated the whole OPMS project ever since 1983, when the OPMS concept was invented

59. (c) gsc - dyads, triads59 Intuition Reason Intuition Reality Triad ‘G’Dyad ‘S’ OPMS Leading to:Dyad ‘S’ is: (which we’ve encountered earlier) Triad ‘G’ is:

60. (c) gsc - dyads, triads60 It’s our claim that, properly interpreted and used, the triad illustrated in the previous slide could be worth as many words as you want to make it! It could become, in fact, the initiator of an Action Plan to help you accomplish ANY feasible Mission that you’re interested in… Just name your Mission, and I can demonstrate to you, conclusively, how OPMS can help to make it happen on the ground!

61. (c) gsc - dyads, triads61 Sl. No. Name and action of Triad Triad 1Action SituationContent, context, process 2 Bases of Generic Design Science Anthropological, Formal Logical, Technological 3 Bases of Human Action Facts, Presuppositions, Suppositions 4 Basic Language Types Graphics, Mathematics, Prose 5 Classical Definition Types Extension, Intension, by Relationship 6 Cosmos Components Library, Phaneron, Residue 7 Design Perspective Types Gradation, Limits, Outcome (Success & Failure) 8 Design Process Needs Parsimony, Saliency, Variety 9. Design Science Types General, Generic, Specific 10Education Goals (Perry) Contribution, Inheritance, Participation Twenty Golden Triads (Warfield)

62. (c) gsc - dyads, triads62 11 Generic Science Components Foundations, Methodology, Theory 12. Generic Science Gradation Idea (Unit), Set (Module), Structure (Pattern) 13Human Action TypesAnalysis, Design, Synthesis 14 Inference Types (Peirce) Abduction, Deducation, Induction 15Key Idea ActionClarify, Generate, Structure 16 Key Management Functions Intelligence, Design, Choice 17Planning FociChange, Idea, Situation 18Question Types Generic, Triggering, Undesigned 19 Structural (Pattern) Types Cycle, Hierarchy, Hybrid 20Time BlocksFuture, Past, Present Sl. No. Name and action of Triad Triad