1. Reform of the Industrial Revolution World History - Libertyville HS

2. Birth of the Labor Movement The Industrial Revolution concentrated labor into mills, factories & mines –Individually, workers had little power to stand up to employers –Together, they could influence employers; how? Withdraw their labor (strike) Slow down their production

3. Birth of the Labor Movement Employers had a decision to make … –Give in to union demands for better wages, work conditions, etc –Suffer the cost of lost production First workers to organize were skilled labor –Harder to replace –Formed trade unions, organized around a particular skill set

4. Birth of the Labor Movement Employer reaction to unions –Got laws passed to make unions illegal –Hired security forces to fight against unions –Fired union organizers By late 1800s, unskilled labor organized, too –Painful process: many strikes, violence –Socialist politicians drew much of their support from union workers

5. Working Conditions Factory work day went from 5:00 AM to 8:00 PM –Break at 7:30 AM for breakfast –Break at noon, for lunch –Eat dinner at home Factories –Few / no windows Low light led to accidents Little to no ventilation –No heat during the winter

6. Working Conditions No safety devices, on machines –Arms, hands crushed –If injured, worker fired Textile (and mine) workers developed lung conditions Steel workers risked injury / death Cave-ins buried miners alive

7. Working Conditions Children as young as 6 years worked in factories –14-16 hour workdays –Beatings were frequent –Pay was sparse Child laborers were actually preferred (why?) Result of unregulated industry

8. Child Labor Reform Factory Act of 1833 –Illegal to hire children under age of 9 –Children from 9-12 could not work more than 8 hours / day –Children from 13-17 could not work more than 12 hours / day

9. Child Labor Reform Mines Act of 1842 –Prevented women, children from working underground Ten Hours Act of 1847 –Women, children working in factories limited to 10 hours / day

10. Living Conditions in the 1800s Poorest lived in oldest, most central part of city –Lived in tenements (apartment buildings) Few windows, poor ventilation No indoor plumbing / toilet –Extended family lived in the same space –Disease was common (overcrowding) –Infant mortality rate (50%) –No sewers = garbage in the street

11. Living Conditions in the 1800s Middle class lived on outer edge of city –Row house or apartment building –Homes often had patch of lawn –Many middle class belonged to clubs / teams / organizations (sense of community)

12. Living Conditions in the 1800s Rich lived in the best areas –Millionaires built mansions with large lawns, maintained by staff of servants –Lived like royalty (artwork) –Threw lavish parties for their contacts, friends