1. Negative Contact Stereotypes Prejudice Discrimination Overview of Lecture

2. Associating members of certain groups with certain characteristics –E.g., Perceived to be alike; have similar (negative) traits What are stereotypes

3. Causes of Stereotypes How to reduce them

4. Negative historical relations between groups Inequalities in societal roles Socialization experiences Media portrayals Why Stereotypes Form Stereotypes

5. Negative historical relations between groups e.g., slavery, indentured labor Inequalities in societal roles e.g., more women in low- paying jobs, earning less Stereotypes Why Stereotypes Form

6. Socialization experiences e.g., parents, teachers, peers Media portrayals E.g., African Canadians as “gangsta rappers”, Caribbean Canadians as “ganja” smokers Why Stereotypes Form Stereotypes

7. Negative historical relations between groups Inequalities in societal roles Socialization experiences Media portrayals Why Stereotypes Form Stereotypes Causes similar to explaining negative contact

8. 1.Activated automatically 2.Reinforced via social norms 3.Information that confirms beliefs is easily recalled 4.Trait-based explanations for behavior 5.Sub-grouping exceptions 6.Create expectations for interaction 7.Enable in-group members to feel “different” from out-group members Why Stereotypes Persist

9. 1.Activated automatically –E.g., from observable characteristics 2.Reinforced via social norms E.g., it is ok to derogate gays nowadays Why Stereotypes Persist Stereotypes

10. 3.Information that confirms beliefs is easily recalled –E.g., times you saw women driving badly vs. times you saw women driving well Why Stereotypes Persist Stereotypes

11. 4.Provide trait-based reasons to explain why people behave the way they do E.g., Women get into more accidents because they are bad drivers 5.Sub-grouping exceptions of out-group –E.g., successful Black Why Stereotypes Persist Stereotypes

12. 6.Create expectations for interaction E.g., Blacks are violent, so this Black man is going to be hostile so I better be prepared Why Stereotypes Persist Stereotypes

13. 7.Enable in-group members to feel “different” from out- group members E.g., Women are bad drivers, Men are good drivers, so they are different Why Stereotypes Persist Stereotypes

14. Causes of Stereotypes How to reduce them

15. 1. Stereotypes activated automatically ? How to reduce Stereotypes Reduce Stereotypes Counter automatic activation of stereotypes with guilt (self regulation) Replace/modify negative associations with positive experiences & information

16. 2. Reinforced via social norms? Reduce Stereotypes Change old social norms with new ones Change motivation to comply w/norms How to reduce Stereotypes

17. 3.Information confirming beliefs is easy to recall? Reduce Stereotypes Counter recall tendencies with other needs Make in-group dependent on out-group e.g., learning to distinguish Chinese editors from each other bec. of supervisory relationship Create need in in-group members for out- group members to like them e.g., business case for selling products/services to women

18. 4.Trait-based explanations for behavior? Change explanations Increase focus on situation E.g., Why are more Blacks in the criminal system? Different out-group members display non- stereotypical traits in different settings Teach statistics Representativeness of sample outgroup member Reduce Stereotypes

19. 4.Trait-based explanations for behavior? Change explanations Reduce tendency to blame negative outcomes to out-group members by thinking about out-group in complex ways E.g., teach about collectivism, power- distance Reduce Stereotypes

20. 5.Sub-grouping exceptions of out-group? Reduce Stereotypes Increase knowledge of many individual out- group members to prevent sub-group creation –Differentiate out-group members from each other E.g., cultural circles exercise enabled differentiation by providing contact with different members of the same ethnic group

21. 6.Have expectations for interaction? Counteract expectations Out-group members behave in non- stereotypical ways that disconfirm stereotypes e.g., Women’s driving records Out-group members confident they do not have the expected trait e.g., Women is confident of her driving skills Reduce Stereotypes

22. 7.Stereotypes enabling in-group to feel different from out-group? Change ability of stereotypes to maintain differences –Create Super-ordinate Groups Tendency to view out-group members as alike and negative is no longer functional –Emphasize Multiple Identities Emphasize those categories which unite groups Reduce Stereotypes

23. Negative Contact Stereotypes Prejudice Discrimination Notice inter-relationships

24. Negative Associations Negative Feelings Positive Associations Stereotypes Negative Thoughts Prejudice

25. Negative Associations Negative Feelings Stereotypes Negative Thoughts Prejudice Recalling stereotype inconsistent information Create Super- ordinate groups Emphasize Multiple Identities Changing explanations Positive Associations

26. Negative Contact Stereotypes Prejudice Discrimination Overview of Lecture

27. Unequal treatment or behavior toward members of different groups –E.g., Dear White Boss article, Black bosses with black subordinates are more likely to be scrutinized Qs: Differences in consequences of –Stereotypes vs. prejudice vs. discrimination? What is discrimination?

28. Causes of Discrimination How to reduce it

29. Subjective Norms for Discrimination Attitudes toward discrimination Intention To discriminate Discriminatory Behavior

30. Attitudes –Thoughts & feelings –Vs Stereotypes? –Vs. Prejudice? Subjective norms –What do you think other people think/feel about something –Vs. Attitdues? What are….

31. Belief that discrimination leads to certain outcomes Value of outcomes of discrimination Attitudes toward Discrimination Intention to discriminate

32. Person’s belief that others want person to discriminate Person’s motivation to comply with others’ wishes Subjective Norms for Discrimination Intention to discriminate

33. Beliefs that discrimination leads to certain outcomes Value of outcomes of discrimination Belief that others want target to discriminate Target’s motivation to comply with others’ wishes Subjective Norm Attitudes toward discrimination Intention To discriminate

34. Change Attitudes toward discrimination Change beliefs about rewards vs. costs of discriminatory behavior e.g., expectation of reward for hiring visible minorities Change value of outcomes of discrimination e.g., lawsuits for discrimination

35. Change Attitudes Change beliefs about rewards vs. costs of discriminatory behavior Change value of outcomes of discrimination Change awareness of definition & results of discrimination E.g., Using “weight” as a criterion for hiring can result in lawsuit if “weight” is not established as a BFOQ

36. Change perception of norm (awareness) Change person’s motivation to comply with (unchanged) norm Subjective Norms for Discrimination Intention to discriminate Change norm e.g., CEO’s public behavior

37. Change perceptions of costs of discriminating against Gays E.g., Removal of student from residence hall for repeat offences, or in- admission into residence halls in subsequent years Change belief that others Approve of discrimination Toward gays e.g., Popular (influential) students’ beliefs about gay harassment Subjective Norm to Discriminate against gays Attitudes toward gays Intention to Discriminate Against gays

38. Discriminatory Attitude Non-discriminatory behavior Dissonance Change Attitude toward discrimination to be consistent with behavior Discomfort Derogate “non-performed” alternative (attitude)

39. Non discriminatory behaviors Choose to argue against your position voluntarily Cooperate w/ outgroup Dissonance Attitude for discrimination Change Attitude toward discrimination Insufficient justification for voluntary behavior

40. Negative Contact Stereotypes Prejudice Discrimination Overview of Lecture

41. Cognitive Emotional Role playing, or perspective taking via reading or listening to experiences E.g., In cultural circles exercise, taking the perspective of another ethnic group and coming up with a role model elicited empathy DROP (not on exam) Creating empathy