1. How Does the Brain Compute?

2. A nerve cell, or a neuron, consists of many different parts.

3. Sensory Neuron (Bipolar) Interneuron Neuron (Unipolar) Motor Neuron (Multipolar Neuron) Types of Neurons

4. Sensory Neurons – Afferent Neurons Carry the message from the sense organs to the CNS Interneurons Make up the CNS Motor Neurons – Efferent Neurons Carry the message from the CNS to the muscles or glands

5. How is the Electrical Signal Sent? 2 K+ 3 Na+ ATP Outside Inside K+ The Resting Potential K Na Proteins (A) -

6. How is the Electrical Signal Sent? All or none! Outside Inside K Na K K K K K K K K K K

7. How is Information Transmitted? If neurons do not touch, how can information get from one neuron to the next neuron?

8. How is Information Transmitted ?

9. Recycling channel Neurotransmitters Postsynaptic Receptors Recycling Channels 1 2

10. How is Information Transmitted ? Reuptake Diffusion Enzymatic Degradation

11. How is Information Transmitted ? Reuptake Diffusion Enzymatic Degradation

12. How is Information Transmitted ? Reuptake Diffusion Enzymatic Degradation Enzyme

13. How is Information Transmitted ? (The Synapse) Neurotransmitters Dendrite Soma Axon Terminal

14. How is Information Transmitted ? Neurotoxins! Blocks ACh (nicotinic) receptors Blocks Na+ channels Increases release of ACh Blocks K+ channels Blocks Ca++ channels

15. How is Information Transmitted ? Nerve Agents Tabun (GA) Sarin (GB) Soman (GD) VX 1995 – Tokyo Subway (Sarin) 2013 – Syria (Sarin) 2013 – Bihar, India (Organophosphate pesticides)

16. How is Information Transmitted ? Action Potential Synaptic Terminal Neurotransmitters Axon Cell Body Dendrites

17. How Fast do Electrical Signals Travel? 100 mile/hr – 160 km/hr

18. Saltatory Conduction Node of Ranvier Myelin Axon Increases speed of conduction! vs Unmyelinated vs Myelinated Axons