1. Change Engagement Activities Shaifali, Audrey, Ely

2. Review From Last Week What is a change agent?  An individual who influences clients’ innovation-decisions in a direction deemed desirable by a change agency. What are two problems faced by change agents?  Social Marginality and Information Overload What are some of the roles of change agents?  Develop a need for change; Establish an information exchange relationship; Diagnose problems; Create an intent to change the client; Translate intentions into actions; Stabilize adoption; Achieve a terminal relationship What is an aide?  An Aide is a less than fully professional change agent who intensively contacts clients in order to influence their innovation-decisions. What is the difference between centralized and decentralized diffusion models?  Centralized—Overall control is held by government officials/experts  Decentralized—Innovations spread by horizontal networks among near peers in a spontaneous fashion

3. Innovation in Organizations Consequences of Innovations ALEC 640

4. Objectives Define organization and role of a champion Discuss the stages in the innovation process and sub- processes for organizations Define and describe consequences Analyze the form, function, and meaning of an innovation Discuss state of equilibrium in a social system Describe strategies to narrow gaps in a social system

5. What is an Organization? organization An organization is a stable system of individuals who work together to achieve common goals through a hierarchy of ranks and a division of labor. Organizations are created to handle large scale routine tasks through a pattern or regularized human relationships. They share:  Predetermined Goals, Prescribed Roles, Authority Structure, Rules and Regulations, and Informal Patterns Read the paragraph at the top of page 405 by Max Weber.  Do you agree or disagree with his assessment of bureaucratic organizations?

6. What is a Champion? champion A champion is a charismatic individual who throws his or her weight behind an innovation, thus overcoming indifference or resistance that the new idea may provoke in an organization. championopinion leader How is a champion in an organization like an opinion leader in a community?

7. Five Stages in the Innovation Process in an Organization 1. Agenda Setting 2. Matching 3. Redefining/ Restructuring 4. Clarifying 5. Routinizing I. Initiation II. Implementation Decision

8. Apply the Innovation Process in Organizations Read the case study “Adoption of New Communication Technologies” or “The Santa Monica Freeway Diamond Lane Experiment: Implementation Failure” How does the innovation process apply to these two situations?

9. What is a Consequence? Consequences Consequences are the changes that occur to an individual or a social system as a result of the adoption or rejection of an innovation. Read “Snowmobile Revolution in the Artic.” What was the impact of the snowmobile on the people and the reindeer? Why was an entire culture disrupted as a consequence of an innovation?

10. Studying Consequences How are these questions different?  “What variables are related to innovativeness?”  “What the effects of adopting innovations?” Why does the book suggest there have there been so few studies on consequences? What are the three dimensions of consequences? In the case studies, “ORT: The Consequences of Consequences” and “Steel Axes for Stone-Age Aborigines” what dimensions were addressed?

11. Form, Function, and Meaning In the case study, “Steel Axes for Stone Age Aborigines,” what was the form, function and meaning of the innovation? Why is this generalization likely true?  Change Agents more easily anticipate the form and function of an innovation than its meaning. How can empathizing with clients make the meaning of an innovation more clear to the change agent? How does equilibrium impact the system? What is the equilibrium goal for change agents?

12. “The Mosquito Killer” “The Mosquito Killer” What was the problem with the DDT innovation?

13. Equality in the Consequences of Innovations Why does the diffusion of innovations generally cause wider socioeconomic gaps within an audience? p.457 Gap Widening Consequences –Read Generalizations 11-4 and 11-5  How do these generalizations apply to the Columbia coffee farmers example on page 461? Social Structure and the Equality of Consequences– Read Generalization 11-6  How does this generalization apply to the water well examples in Pakistan and Bangladesh on page 463? What about the Columbia coffee farmers?

14. Wider Gaps are Not Inevitable Strategies for Narrowing Gaps Read the strategies suggested on pages 464-467. From the case studies we have reviewed, which strategy might have been most effective in narrowing the gaps? If you were a change agent, which strategies would you try to utilize most often?

15. “The Digital Divide” Which strategies for narrowing gaps would be most effective in this example? Are these issues still true today? Why or why not?

16. Overview Defined organization and role of a champion Discussed the stages in the innovation process and sub- processes for organizations Defined and describe consequences Analyzed the form, function, and meaning of an innovation Discussed state of equilibrium in a social system Described strategies to narrow gaps in a social system

17. How likely is it that you will serve in the role of change agent? Education, training, career goals and aspirations Do you feel you are now more equipped to manage the challenges of initiating change and the consequences of adoption? Why or why not?

18. Reminders Next week, November 17  Conflict management during change—no advanced readings for this session November 24  No Class  Work on Research Review Paper; due by Sunday, November 29  Rubric is posted on Ecampus December 1  Meet at On The Border, 3:00-5:00 p.m. December 16  Take Home Final Due, posted to Ecampus