1. Do This Prior to the Bell Ringing Everyone has a card Do not tell anyone what is on your card. Move about the room and shake hands with three people unless your card tells you differently. On a piece of paper, write down who you shook hands with. Do as your card tells you to do.

2. If I call you, please stand up. Raise your hand if you have a card with a V. –You have the flu virus. –Who did you shake hands with? (stand up) –If you shook hands with any of these people, please stand up. –If you high-fived someone, please stand up. The people who had to high five you sneezed into their hands. –If you have a FS on your card, sit down. You had the flu shot.

3. Unit 8 "Communicable & Chronic Diseases" Lesson 44 "Avoiding Communicable Diseases"

4. Objectives Students will be able to... –(1) Explain how the immune system responds when a pathogen enters the body. –(2) Discuss ways to develop active & passive immunity. –(3) Identify types of pathogens that cause disease, and give examples of the types of diseases caused by the types of pathogens. –(4) Discuss ways pathogens are spread. –(5) Analyze strategies to prevent infection with communicable diseases.

5. The Immune System The system that removes harmful organisms from the blood and combats pathogens. Composed of body organs, cells, & chemicals. Tears, perspiration, saliva, & skin oils kill many pathogens. Skin acts as a barrier to prevent pathogens from entering the body. Pathogens that are swallowed are killed by stomach acids

6. Protection Inside the Body White Blood cells: protect body Lymphocytes: White blood cells that help the body fight pathogens. B Cell: A white blood cell that produces antibodies. Antibody: A special protein that helps fight infection. Helper T Cell: A white blood cell that signals B cells to produce antibodies Macrophage: A white blood cell that surrounds & destroys pathogens.

7. How Your Immune System Works Show Video

9. How Does the Immune System Work? Immune System 8 steps: –(1) Pathogen enters the body –(2) Lymphocytes multiply in lymph tissue to fight pathogen. –(3) Helper T cells send signals to B cells to produce antibodies. –(4) B cells enter lymph nodes & other lymph tissues. –(5) Antibodies travel through blood to destroy the pathogen (antibodies make pathogens ineffective and sensitive to macrophages) –(6) Antibodies attach themselves to pathogens & weaken pathogen. –(7) Macrophages surround and kill pathogen. –(8) Destroyed pathogen is filtered through lymph nodes and removed by the spleen.

10. Immunity The body's resistance to disease-causing agents. Active Immunity: Resistance to disease due to the presence of antibodies. –Example: After a person recovers from the chicken pox virus, the chicken pox antibody remains in the body & protects that person from developing chicken pox again. Vaccine: A substance containing dead or weakened pathogens that is introduced into the body to give immunity. –2 Types: Live-Virus Vaccine; Killed-Virus Vaccine Passive Immunity: Immunity that results from introducing antibodies into a person's blood stream.

11. Containing Pathogens Pathogen: A germ that causes disease. Communicable Disease: An illness caused by pathogens that can be spread from one living thing to another.

12. Four Types of Pathogens How Are Pathogens Spread? Bacteria –Single-celled organisms. –Most are beneficial but some cause diseases –Examples: Strep throat, tetanus, Lyme Disease, diptheria Fungi –Single or multi-celled parasitic organisms –Athlete's Foot, Ringworm, Jock Itch, nail infectionsAthlete's FootRingworm Viruses –One of the smallest known pathogens –Common Cold, mumps, hepatitis, mono, chicken pox, flu Protozoa –Tiny, single-celled organisms that produce toxins that cause disease. –Malaria, African Sleeping Sickness, dysentary.