2. Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition2 When selecting an operating system, you must consider the current and future requirements for application software to meet the needs of the organization. In addition, your choice of a particular operating system must be consistent with your choice of hardware. Identify and briefly describe the functions of the two basic kinds of software Outline the role of the operating system and identify the features of several popular operating systems

3. Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition3 Do not develop proprietary application software unless doing so will meet a compelling business need that can provide a competitive advantage Discuss how application software can support personal, workgroup, and enterprise business objectives Identify three basic approaches to developing application software and discuss the pros and cons of each

4. Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition4 Choose a programming language whose functional characteristics are appropriate for the task at hand, taking into consideration the skills and experience of the programming staff Outline the overall evolution of programming languages and clearly differentiate among the five generations of programming languages

5. Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition5 The software industry continues to undergo constant change; users need to be aware of recent trends and issues to be effective in their business and personal life Identify several key issues and trends that have an impact on organizations and individuals

6. Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition6 An Overview of Software Computer programs: sequences of instructions for the computer Documentation: describes program functions to help user operate computer system Systems software: set of programs that coordinates the activities of hardware and programs Application software: programs that help users solve particular problems

7. Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition7 Table 4.1: Classifying Software by Type and Sphere of Influence

8. Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition8 Systems Software: Operating Systems Operating system (OS): a set of computer programs that controls the computer hardware and acts as an interface with application programs Kernel: ties all of the components of the OS together and regulates other programs; controls the most critical processes

9. Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition9 Operating Systems (continued) Activities performed by the operating system: Perform common computer hardware functions Provide a user interface and input/output management Provide a degree of hardware independence Manage system memory

10. Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition10 Operating Systems (continued) Activities performed by the operating system: Manage processing tasks Provide networking capability Control access to system resources Manage files

11. Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition11 Figure 4.2: Operating system as interface between application software and hardware

12. Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition12 Operating Systems (continued) Common hardware functions Get input from the keyboard or some other input device Retrieve data from disks Store data on disks Display information on a monitor or printer

13. Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition13 Operating Systems (continued) User interface and input/output management User interface: allows individuals to access and command the computer system Command-based user interface: requires that text commands be given to the computer to perform basic activities Graphical user interface (GUI): uses icons and menus displayed on screen to send commands to computer system

14. Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition14 Operating Systems (continued) Application program interface (API): allows applications to make use of the operating system Memory management: control how memory is accessed and maximize available memory and storage

15. Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition15 Figure 4.3: Application Program Interface Links Application Software to the Operating System

16. Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition16 Processing tasks Multitasking: capability allowing more than one program to run at the same time. Concurrently or Consecutive Time-sharing: allows more than one person to use a computer system at the same time Scalability: ability of the computer to handle an increasing number of concurrent users smoothly Networking capability: features and capabilities of the OS that aid users in connecting to a computer network Operating Systems (continued)

17. Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition17 Operating Systems (continued) Access to system resources Protection against unauthorized access Logins and passwords File management: ensures that files in secondary storage are available when needed and that they are protected from access by unauthorized users

18. Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition18 Table 4.3: Popular Operating Systems Cross All Three Spheres of Influence

19. Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition19 Current Operating Systems Microsoft PC operating systems Apple computer operating systems Linux. Go HereGo Here

20. Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition20 Workgroup Operating Systems Windows Server UNIX. Go HereGo Here NetWare RedHat Linux Mac OS X Server

21. Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition21 Enterprise Operating Systems z/OS MPE/iX and HP-UX Linux

22. Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition22 Operating Systems for Small Computers and Special-Purpose Devices Palm OS Windows Embedded Windows Mobile

23. Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition23 Utility Programs Utility programs are used to: Merge and sort sets of data Keep track of computer jobs being run Compress data files before they are stored or transmitted over a network Perform other important tasks

24. Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition24 Utility Programs (continued) Hardware utilities Virus-detection and virus-recovery utilities File-compression utilities Spam and pop-up blocker utilities

25. Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition25 Utility Programs (continued) Network and Internet utilities Server and mainframe utilities Other utilities

26. Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition26 Table 4.4: Examples of Utility Programs

27. Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition27 Application Software Primary function is to apply the power of the computer to give individuals, workgroups, and the entire enterprise the ability to solve problems and perform specific tasks Application programs interact with systems software; systems software then directs the computer hardware to perform the necessary tasks

28. Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition28 Types and Functions of Application Software Proprietary software: a one-of-a-kind program for a specific application, usually developed and owned by a single company. Can be outsourced. “Make or Buy”? Off-the-shelf software: existing software programs that are purchased Shareware Public Domain

29. Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition29 Table 4.5: A Comparison of Proprietary and Off-the-Shelf Software

30. Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition30 Table 4.5: A Comparison of Proprietary and Off-the-Shelf Software (continued)

31. Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition31 Personal Application Software Serve the needs of an individual user Include personal productivity software, which enable users to improve their personal effectiveness. Vertical Market Horizontal Market

32. Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition32 Table 4.6: Examples of Personal Productivity Software

33. Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition33 Table 4.6: Examples of Personal Productivity Software (continued)

34. Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition34 Workgroup Application Software Workgroup application software: designed to support teamwork, whether people are in the same location or dispersed around the world Groupware: software that helps groups of people work together more efficiently and effectively

35. Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition35 Table 4.8: Ernst & Young’s “Three Cs” Rule for Groupware

36. Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition36 Enterprise Application Software Software that benefits an entire organization Enterprise resource planning (ERP) software: a set of integrated programs that manage a company’s vital business operations for an entire multisite, global organization

37. Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition37 Table 4.9: Examples of Enterprise Application Software

38. Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition38 Programming Languages Programming languages: sets of keywords, symbols, and a system of rules for constructing statements Allow humans to communicate instructions to be executed by a computer Different languages have different characteristics Syntax: a set of rules associated with a programming language

39. Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition39 Table 4.11: The Evolution of Programming Languages

40. Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition40 First Generation Machine language Required use of binary symbols (0s and 1s)

41. Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition41 Second Generation Assembly languages Use symbols rather than binary digits Assemblers: programs that translate assembly languages into machine code

42. Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition42 Third Generation Greater use of symbolic code Examples: BASIC, COBOL, C, and FORTRAN Compiler: a software program that converts the programmer’s source code into the machine-language instructions consisting of binary digits

43. Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition43 Figure 4.18: How a Compiler Works

44. Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition44 Fourth Generation 4GLs: fourth-generation languages Easier to use, and more English-like, than third generation languages Programs tell the CPU the desired results, not how to get them Examples: SQL, SAS

45. Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition45 Languages Beyond the Fourth Generation Artificial intelligence, visual, and object-oriented languages Easier for nonprogrammers to use Programming languages used to create artificial intelligence or expert systems applications are called fifth-generation languages (5GLs) Visual languages use a graphical or visual interface for program development Object-oriented programming languages are based on objects (data and the actions that can be performed on it)

46. Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition46 Software Issues and Trends Software bugs: defects in a computer program that keep it from performing in the manner intended Copyrights and licenses Open-source software: software that is freely available to anyone in a form that can be easily modified

47. Principles of Information Systems, Seventh Edition47 Software Issues and Trends (continued) Shareware and freeware: software that is very inexpensive or free, but whose source code cannot be modified Multiorganizational software development Software upgrades Global software support