1. Instructor notes  For demo need pepper grinder, two glasses and soap  Students should already have an outline of the notes!! Using Cornell notes and STAR methods!

2. Ch. 1 - The Nature of Science  Section 1: The Methods of Science

3. What is Science? Science is a process that uses observation and investigation to gain knowledge about events in nature

4. Major Categories of Science  Life Science  the study of living organisms  Earth Science  the study of Earth and space  Physical Science  the study of matter and energy  chemistry & physics

5. Science Explains Nature  Sometimes explanations must be modified  New information or technology  New Information through Investigation  Observation  Setting up experimentsexperiments  Build a representative model

6. B. Scientific Methods  An organized set of investigation procedures. How do we build a vehicle that can carry people to outer space? They needed a material that could withstand heat and force of re- entry

7. B. Scientific Methods  An organized set of investigation procedures. Information on melting points of materials What tests could they do? Materials used in similar situations

8. B. Scientific Methods  An organized set of investigation procedures. Hypothesis: a possible explanation using what you know and observe. Ceramic coating used for guided missiles might also work for space shuttle. Test the hypothesis using an experiment

9. Experimental Design  Experiment - organized procedure for testing a hypothesis  Key Components:  Control - standard for comparison  Single variable - keep other factors constant  Repeated trials - for reliability

10. Experimental Design  Types of Variables  Independent Variable  adjusted by the experimenter  what you vary  Dependent Variable  changes in response to the indep. variable  what you measure

11. Experimental Design  Constants and Controls  Constant  A factor that doesn’t change when other variables change.  Control  The standard by which the test results can be compared.

12. B. Scientific Methods  Analysis  Conclusions

13. C. Scientific Theories and Laws  Hypothesis - testable prediction  Theory - explanation of “why”.  based on many observations & experimental results  Scientific Law - prediction of “what” happens in nature.  Theories can explain a law

14. Scientific Theories and Laws Theories and laws are well-accepted by scientists, but... They are revised when new information is discovered. THEY ARE NOT SET IN STONE!

15. Practice: Scientific Method 1. Determine the problem. When the Titanic sank, what happened to the water level on shore? 2. Make a hypothesis. The water level rose. The water level dropped. The water level stayed the same.

16. 3. Test your hypothesis. How could we test our hypothesis? 4. Analyze the results. What happened during our test? 5. Draw conclusions. Was our hypothesis correct? Is further testing necessary?

17. Practice: Scientific Method  Hypothesis: Storing popcorn in the freezer makes it pop better.  Control: Popcorn stored at room temp.

18.  Single variable: Storage temperature  Constants: Popcorn brand Freshness Storage time Popper

19.  Independent Variable: Storage temperature  Dependent Variable: Number of unpopped kernels

20. Using Science-Technology  Pure Science  research that adds to the body of scientific knowledge  Observing blood flow through heart  Applied Science (Technology)  the practical application of scientific knowledge to help people  Creating replacement valves

21. Defining Science PURE  human genetics  polymer science  atomic theory  study of the human ear APPLIED  DNA fingerprinting  Lycra ® spandex  nuclear weapons  hearing aids