2. Aviation Management Conference 2007 Aviation Management Hogeschool van Amsterdam Presentation by: Vincent Brouwer & Marcel Venema Amsterdam, 12-12-2007

3.  Emissions have been a controversial subject  CO 2 emission are directly related to fuel consumption (1 kg fuel = 3,15 kg CO 2 )  Reasons for fuel burn reduction:  Environmental Boundaries (ETS)  Scarcity of oil Amsterdam, 12-12-2007

5.  Oil use – “A flame in the darkness” Amsterdam, 12-12-2007

6.  Aviation industry growth expectations:  Airbus: 4,9% passenger growth/year until 2025  Boeing: 4,5% passenger growth/year until 2026 Source: Eurocontrol Amsterdam, 12-12-2007

7.  More passengers, improved efficiency:  Technological improvements Source: Airbus, Global Market Forecast 2006-2025 Amsterdam, 12-12-2007

8.  How to achieve fuel reduction on short term?  Adjust current operational procedures!  Can it be more efficient?  Yes it can! Amsterdam, 12-12-2007

10.  Weather conditions not taken into account  Standard flight operation RouteDistanceAircraft AMS* – LHR**210 NMAIRBUS A320 AMS – HKG***5.226 NMAIRBUS A340-300 * AMSTERDAM AIRPORT SCHIPHOL ** LONDON HEATHROW *** HONG-KONG CHEK LAP KOK Amsterdam, 12-12-2007

11.  Towing aircraft to the runway  Reduce time engines running before take-off  According to Virgin: 120.000 tonnes  Downturns: ◦ Only applicable on relative small fleets ◦ Not applicable on every airport Amsterdam, 12-12-2007

12. Short HaulLong Haul Reduction (%)3,2 %*0,22 %* Fuel (kg)60 kg200 kg CO 2 (kg)189 kg630 kg * Based on 30 minutes APU use ** Based on 60 minutes APU use GPU use instead of APU use  Side effects: ◦ INCREASE OF OPERATIONAL COSTS ◦ A GPU also burns fuel Amsterdam, 12-12-2007

13. Short HaulLong Haul Reduction (%)2,42 %0,11 % Fuel (kg)46 kg100 kg CO 2 (kg)142 kg315 kg * Based on 12 minutes taxi time (8 minutes with one engine out) ONE ENGINE-OUT TAXI  Side effects: ◦ NOT APPLICABLE ON SHORT TAXI TIMES ◦ INCREASE OF MAINTENANCE COSTS Amsterdam, 12-12-2007

14. Short HaulLong Haul Reduction (%)0,7 %0,055 % Fuel (kg)13 kg50 kg CO 2 (kg)41 kg158 kg Note: use of flap setting 2 instead of 3 TAKE-OFF CONFIGURATION  Side effects: ◦ LONGER RUNWAY TAKE-OFF LENGTH REQUIRED Amsterdam, 12-12-2007

15. Short HaulLong Haul Reduction (%)0 %0,93 % Fuel (kg)0 kg847 kg CO 2 (kg)0 kg2.668 kg Note: decrease cruise speed with 16 kts CHANGE IN CRUISE SPEED  Side effects: ◦ LONGER FLIGHT TIME (AMS-HKG = 24 MIN.) Amsterdam, 12-12-2007

16. Short HaulLong Haul Reduction (%)0 %8,53 % Fuel (kg)0 kg7763 kg CO 2 (kg)0 kg24.453 kg * Optimum altitude compared to the cross-over altitude Altitude Selection  Side effects: ◦ LONGER FLIGHT TIME Amsterdam, 12-12-2007

17. Short HaulLong Haul Reduction (%)4,8 %4,25 % Fuel (kg)91 kg3.868 kg CO 2 (kg)287 kg12.184 kg Note: actual flightplan compared to greatcirkel distance Route Selection  Side effects: ◦ TOTAL FLIGHT SYSTEM RENEWABLE Amsterdam, 12-12-2007

18.  Work in progress! Short HaulLong Haul Reduction (%)2,37 %0,06 % Fuel (kg)45 kg55 kg CO 2 (kg)142 kg173 kg Note: compared to standard decent approach CONTINUOUS DESCENT APPROACH  Side effects: ◦ LONGER FLIGHT TIME ◦ CAPACITY CONSTRAINTS Amsterdam, 12-12-2007

19.  Weight reduction = fuel reduction Short HaulLong Haul Fuel (kg/Y)56.364 kg26.473 kg CO 2 (kg/Y)177.547 kg83.389 kg Note: 50 kg for short Haul / 85 kg for long Haul Abandon luxury goods trolleys Amsterdam, 12-12-2007

20. MEASUREShort HaulLong Haul APU Usage3,2 %0,22 % Taxi2,42 %0,11 % Take-off Config0,7 %0,055 % Cruise Speed0 %0,93 % Optimum Altitude0 %8,53 % Direct Route4,8 %4,25 % CDA2,37 %0,06 % Overview all measures Total (%)13,49 %14,15 % Total (kg)265 kg12.885 kg Amsterdam, 12-12-2007

21. Total (kg/flight)265 kg12.900 kg Total (kg/year)748.500 kg4.700.000 kg Weight Reduction56.400 kg26.500 kg Absolute804.900 kg4.726.500 kg Saviings ($)US$ 613.000US$ 3.600.000 MEASUREShort HaulLong Haul Amsterdam, 12-12-2007

22.  Estimated amount of CO 2 reduction: Amsterdam, 12-12-2007

23.  10 years ago introduction of EU Open Skies  Currently, still not a “real one sky” airspace.  Implementation can be realized Amsterdam, 12-12-2007

25.  10 years ago introduction of EU Open Skies  Currently, still not a “real one sky” airspace.  Implementation can be realized

26. Vincent Brouwer Duncan McFarlane Divya Patel Herman Tse Marcel Venema