1. 3.6 Explain knowledge that underpins a …….. outcome

2. 3.6 Explain knowledge that underpins an ICT outcome. 90678 Bio tech 90680 Electronic and Control 90682 Food Tech 90684 ICT 90686 Materials 90688 Structures and Mechanisms

3. Achievement Explain the knowledge that underpins the development of an existing ICT outcome. Explain means describe in detail giving reasons. An existing ICT outcome is one that has been developed and implemented by a technologist(s).

4. Assessors Report 2011 Achieved

5. Merit Explain the underpinning knowledge and how it has been synthesised in the development of an existing ICT outcome. Explain means describe in detail giving reasons. Synthesise refers to the ability to bring together knowledge, skills, ideas and methods from different sources to advance one’s practice but not necessarily to produce a more complex outcome. This emphasis is about knowledge and the way it is used, not the quality of the outcome.

6. Assessors Report 2010 Achieved with Merit

7. Excellence Discuss the underpinning knowledge and how it has been synthesised in the development of two or more existing ICT technology outcomes. As with Merit but the student must identify two or more technological outcomes Discuss means compare and contrast.

8. Assessors Report 2010 Achieved with Excellence

9. Explain; Discuss; Synthesise Explain means describe in detail giving reasons. Discuss means compare and contrast. Synthesise refers to the ability to bring together knowledge, skills, ideas and methods from different sources to advance one’s practice but not necessarily to produce a more complex outcome

10. Additional Notes Candidates who used resources from Techlink and the internet and then researched for further information and knowledge were most likely to succeed in achieving this standard. Candidates using set questionnaires or templates to gather evidence of underpinning knowledge often did not analyse how this knowledge was used to develop and implement a specific outcome and did not allow them to meet the criteria for Achievement. Care must be taken in the construction of questionnaires to allow students to access the appropriate and relevant information for this standard. Successful candidates selected and discussed two strong case studies to compare and contrast. They used technologists from similar areas and referred to a range of sources, candidate submissions were in depth and linked clearly to an outcome. Successful candidates selected an outcome(s) that had been developed by a professional technologist and understood that a technologist used key knowledge to understand and use in the development of the named outcome(s) Candidates should be encouraged to present only evidence that aligns to the achievement standard AS90684 (3.6). A portfolio of the student’s work for the year is not required

11. Referencing All information from sources other than your own must be acknowledged at the place in the work that the information is used. It must be immediately apparent to the marker that the material is not your own by using in-text referencing. Referencing Guide on S:\0 ITEC\13 ITEC\AS 3.6_External\Referencing Guide – APA IN-TEXT references Quoting – use quotation marks around the quote and include page numbers – Listener columnist Jane Clifton (2011) said about the February Christchurch earthquake, “One of the hardest things to take about natural disasters is that there is no one to blame. … If there is no one to blame, we nevertheless nominate someone, and it simply has to be the Government” (16). – … or … – For many Christchurch residents, “One of the hardest things to take about natural disasters is that there is no one to blame.… If there is no one to blame, we nevertheless nominate someone, and it simply has to be the Government " (Clifton, 2011). Paraphrasing – no quotation marks – As Jane Clifton pointed out, people need someone to blame natural disasters on, so they usually blame the Government ( Clifton, 2011). At the end of your assignment, you are required to provide the full information for each source. References must be listed in alphabetical order by author: References – Cherland, Meredith. (2008). Harry's girls. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy (273). Retrieved from Literature Resource Center. – Clifton, Jane. (2011, 5 March). How I caused that story. Listener, 16. – Statistics New Zealand. (2007). New Zealand in profile 2007. http://www.stats.govt.nz

12. Comparing and Contrasting Knowledge that Supported the Development of the Technological Outcome. KnowledgeTechnologist ATechnologist B KEY RESOURCES People Time Components Materials KEY TECHNIQUES Testing Measuring Processing Evaluating Communication Finishing

13. Steps Select the professional technologist(s) and identify outcome they developed Explain/discuss knowledge that underpinned the development of identified outcome - procedural and conceptual, link directly to standard entered for Explain/discuss how knowledge and the way it was used supported the development of the outcome (for merit and excellence)

14. Step 1 Who is the professional technologist? In partnership with Wellington web design company Shift and Wellington software company Optimation, Jock Philips from the Ministry of Culture and Heritage (MCH)developed the Te Ara website to publish the official encyclopedia ofTe Ara New Zealand. What is the outcome?

15. Knowledge that guides development could be from the use of…. Key resources (people, time, software, materials, components) Knowledge of materials (fitness for purpose, availability, costing, sustainability, transformation) Key procedures (use of jigs and templates, functional modelling, tests in-situ) Key techniques (measuring, testing, processing, evaluating, communication, evaluating, finishing) Knowledge from other disciplines Codes of practice Codes of ethics, legislation

16. Some Ideas Knowledge of the key resources… Software/ Hardware that is required to implement the outcome (Is a database required) Environment the website will be running in to make sure it is as usable as possible i.e. – Screen size – Speed of machines – Operating systems Trends (i.e. flash is on the way out?) Future sustainability of the website

17. Copyright, privacy, etc. Coding practices Not marginalizing people Who can access/update/change the information? Some Ideas Knowledge of codes of practice, codes of ethics, and legislation

18. Some Ideas Knowledge from other disciplines, e.g. science, social science, arts. Photography – do you take your own pictures Art – colour balance etc. Social Sciences – how do people navigate through a webpage, the thought process, holding people’s attention etc.

19. Some Ideas Techniques and procedures used to develop and implement the technological outcome. Dealing with clients. Setting up timelines. Presenting models / mock ups. Finding out content that is required Actual coding skills. The technical stuff. Who will use the website? Maintainability of the site Key techniques include those that are used to develop a specific technological outcome – for example, techniques such as those used for measuring, processing, finishing, communicating, testing, and evaluating.

20. Activity Using the worksheet provided (3.6 IT Technology questions) identify the knowledge that underpinned the development of the TeAra website http://www.teara.govt.nz/http://www.teara.govt.nz/ What information is missing, where could this be accessed from?

22. Sentence enablers Technologist A would have understood that…this would have led him to … In order to proceed technologist A had to know… Through testing… the technologist had to make a decision….

23. Question for Analysing Which events could not have happened? If...happened, what might the ending have been? How is...similar to...? What do you see as other possible outcomes? Why did...changes occur? Can you explain what must have happened when...? What are some or the problems of...? Can you distinguish between...? What were some of the motives behind..? What was the turning point? What was the problem with...? (Pohl, Learning to Think, Thinking to Learn, p. 13)

25. Comparing and Contrasting Knowledge that Supported the Development of the Technological Outcome. Differences Technologist A Differences Technologist B SIMILARITIES

26. Sentence Starters Argument I think that …………………………………because……………………The reasons for my thinking are ………….. So …………………Another reason is....................................Because…………………………………… These (facts / arguments / ideas) show that……………………………….. Comparison Although…………………………..and………………………..are different e.g.……………………………. They are alike in some interesting ways. For example they both…………………………………………………… They are also similar in………………………………………The …………………………….is the same as……………………………The……………………………… resembles………………………… Finally they both……………………………………………………… Contrast Although……………………… and……………………..are both………………they are different in many ways. (One)……………………..has……………………….whilst………………………has………………………………….. They are also different in that………………………………………………………….. Enumerate I found……………………..interesting for several reasons. I discovered that………………………. I also learnt………………………………………It was interesting that………………………………….. Finally…………………………………As you can see……………………………………….. Another way they are unalike is………………………………………Finally……………………………….

27. Explain Here are differing explanations as to why (how, what, when etc.)………………..One explanation is that………………………….The evidence for this is……………………An alternative explanation is…………………….This explanation is based on……………………………………. Explain I want to explain why……………………….There are several reasons for this. The chief reason is……………………..Another reason is…………………….A further reason is…………………….So now you can see why…………………………… Recount Although I already knew that…………………..I have learnt some new facts. I learnt that………..I also learnt that……………Another fact I learnt……………………However the most interesting thing I learnt was……………………. Recount Before I began this topic I thought that ……………But when I read about it I found out that ……….I also learnt that ……………Furthermore I learnt that…………….Finally I learnt that…………. Sequence To begin with…………… Next……………. Then………………. After that……………… Finally………………………

28. Useful conjunctions when writing comparisons however whereas in other respects on the contrary elsewhere on the other hand in that respect but and neither even though differs from in spite of on the other hand nevertheless rather instead also alternately as well while although

29. EXAMPLE: How Did the Knowledge, Skills, Ideas, and Methods Advance the Technologists Practice Key Resources People: The knowledge gained from other people was considerable for Technologist A. There were several reasons for this Knowledge from experts on firing schedules and processes eliminated excess waste of materials Feedback from stakeholders when trialing meant new specifications evolved through out the process. On the other hand Technologist B differs to Technologist A as he did did not communicate with people at all to gain process knowledge Technologist B was an experienced glass artist and had many years of prior knowledge However, there were similarities, both communicated with stakeholders through out the process to gain feed back to inform the decision making process. In conclusion, knowledge gained from people is important in the development of the outcome for both technologists as it ensures the outcome meets the needs of the stakeholders. However it was more important for Technologist A as she was new to glass production and needed process knowledge. The consequences of this were she did not waste a lot of time and resources e.g. glass and firing time

30. References http://technologynz.wikispaces.com/ http://www.teara.govt.nz/ http://www.techlink.org.nz/Case- studies/Technological- practice/ICT/engineering-te-ara/ http://www.techlink.org.nz/Case- studies/Technological- practice/ICT/engineering-te-ara/