1. Compounds, Bonding, and Energy

2. A compound is composed of two or more different elements that are chemically combined (bonded) in a definite ratio. NaCl H 2 O The formula for a compound consists of the element symbols followed by a subscript which indicates the actual number of atoms that are present in the smallest unit of compound. C 6 H 12 O 6 N 2 H 4

3. Compounds, Bonding, and Energy A compound's formula can quantitatively or qualitatively represent the substance in question. CH 4 can represent a sample of methane gas. CH 4 can represent 1 mole of methane gas. CH 4 can represent 16 g of methane gas. CH 4 can represent 22.4 L of methane gas at 273 K and 1.00 atm.

4. Compounds, Bonding, and Energy Why do atoms bond together in the first place? The answer is that when atoms are bonded to each other they have less energy and are thus more stable than when they are not bonded to each other. BONDING PROVIDES STABILITY! When bonds are formed, the atoms must release energy! In order to break bonds, the atoms must absorb energy!

5. Compounds, Bonding, and Energy When a free sodium atom bonds with an atom of free chlorine to form a unit of sodium chloride, 6.82 X 10 -22 kJ of heat is released by the atoms thus making the atoms more stable than before. FORMING BONDS RELEASES ENERGY! NaCl

6. Compounds, Bonding, and Energy When a free carbon atom bond with two atoms of free oxygen to form a molecule of carbon dioxide, 6.53 X 10 -22 kJ of heat is released by the atoms thus making the atoms more stable than before. FORMING BONDS RELEASES ENERGY! CO O

7. Compounds, Bonding, and Energy Atoms can bond to each other in three different ways:  ionic bonding,  covalent bonding, &  metallic bonding. BONDING ALWAYS INVOLVES ELECTRONS! BONDING ALWAYS RELEASES ENERGY!

8. Compounds, Bonding, and Energy Ionic bonding occurs between metallic atoms and nonmetallic atoms. As the metallic atoms bond with the nonmetallic atoms, electrons are transferred from the metallic atoms to the nonmetallic atoms. This process will be described more fully later. Na Cl e-e-

9. Compounds, Bonding, and Energy Covalent bonding occurs between nonmetallic atoms and other nonmetallic atoms. As nonmetallic atoms bond with other nonmetallic atoms electrons are shared by the bonding atoms. This process will be described more fully later. H e-e- Cl e-e-

10. Compounds, Bonding, and Energy There are two types of covalent bonding: a)Nonpolar covalent bonding occurs when nonmetallic atoms share electrons equally. When atoms of identical nonmetallic elements bond, the bond formed is nonpolar covalent. b)Polar covalent bonding occurs when nonmetallic atoms share electrons unequally. When atoms of different nonmetallic elements bond, the bond formed is polar covalent.

11. Compounds, Bonding, and Energy The atoms within a polyatomic ion are bonded to each other covalently regardless of their element classification.  Ex. CrO 4 2- is bonded covalently! When a polyatomic ion bonds with something else (a second polyatomic ion or another element) the bonding will be ionic.  Ex. Ca 2+ is bonded to CrO 4 2- ionically. Exception: The element hydrogen will bond to a polyatomic anion covalently.  Ex. H 2 CrO 4 has all covalent bonding!

12. Compounds, Bonding, and Energy Metallic bonding occurs between metallic cations and other metallic cations. This bonding occurs as a result of a massive attraction between a “mobile sea of electrons” and the metallic cations. This process will be described more fully later. Al e-e- e-e- e-e- e-e- e-e- e-e- e-e- e-e- e-e- e-e- e-e- e-e- e-e- e-e- e-e- e-e- e-e- e-e- e-e- e-e- e-e- e-e- e-e- e-e-

13. Compounds, Bonding, and Energy Ex.(1) What kind(s) of bonding exists between the atoms in the formula NaI? __________________________________ Ionic BondingCovalent bondingMetallic Bonding - between metal & nonmetal - between metal & (-)P.A.I. - between (+)P.A.I. & nonmetal - between (+)P.A.I. & (-)P.A.I. - between two or more nonmetals - within a P.A.I. - between H and a (-) P.A.I. - between two or more metals - due to a transfer of electrons - due to a sharing of electrons - due to a mobile sea of electrons Nonpolar Covalent BondingPolar Covalent Bonding - due to an equal sharing of electrons- due to an unequal sharing of electrons

14. Compounds, Bonding, and Energy Ex.(1) What kind(s) of bonding exists between the atoms in the formula NaI? __________________________________ Ionic BondingCovalent bondingMetallic Bonding - between metal & nonmetal - between metal & (-)P.A.I. - between (+)P.A.I. & nonmetal - between (+)P.A.I. & (-)P.A.I. - between two or more nonmetals - within a P.A.I. - between H and a (-) P.A.I. - between two or more metals - due to a transfer of electrons - due to a sharing of electrons - due to a mobile sea of electrons Nonpolar Covalent BondingPolar Covalent Bonding - due to an equal sharing of electrons- due to an unequal sharing of electrons ionic bonding

15. Compounds, Bonding, and Energy Ex.(2) What kind(s) of bonding exists between the atoms in the formula HCl? __________________________________ Ionic BondingCovalent bondingMetallic Bonding - between metal & nonmetal - between metal & (-)P.A.I. - between (+)P.A.I. & nonmetal - between (+)P.A.I. & (-)P.A.I. - between two or more nonmetals - within a P.A.I. - between H and a (-) P.A.I. - between two or more metals - due to a transfer of electrons - due to a sharing of electrons - due to a mobile sea of electrons Nonpolar Covalent BondingPolar Covalent Bonding - due to an equal sharing of electrons- due to an unequal sharing of electrons

16. Compounds, Bonding, and Energy Ex.(2) What kind(s) of bonding exists between the atoms in the formula HCl? __________________________________ Ionic BondingCovalent bondingMetallic Bonding - between metal & nonmetal - between metal & (-)P.A.I. - between (+)P.A.I. & nonmetal - between (+)P.A.I. & (-)P.A.I. - between two or more nonmetals - within a P.A.I. - between H and a (-) P.A.I. - between two or more metals - due to a transfer of electrons - due to a sharing of electrons - due to a mobile sea of electrons Nonpolar Covalent BondingPolar Covalent Bonding - due to an equal sharing of electrons- due to an unequal sharing of electrons polar covalent bonding

17. Compounds, Bonding, and Energy Ex.(3) What kind(s) of bonding exists between the atoms in the formula Zn 3 (PO 4 ) 2 ? __________________________________ Ionic BondingCovalent bondingMetallic Bonding - between metal & nonmetal - between metal & (-)P.A.I. - between (+)P.A.I. & nonmetal - between (+)P.A.I. & (-)P.A.I. - between two or more nonmetals - within a P.A.I. - between H and a (-) P.A.I. - between two or more metals - due to a transfer of electrons - due to a sharing of electrons - due to a mobile sea of electrons Nonpolar Covalent BondingPolar Covalent Bonding - due to an equal sharing of electrons- due to an unequal sharing of electrons

18. Compounds, Bonding, and Energy Ex.(3) What kind(s) of bonding exists between the atoms in the formula Zn 3 (PO 4 ) 2 ? __________________________________ Ionic BondingCovalent bondingMetallic Bonding - between metal & nonmetal - between metal & (-)P.A.I. - between (+)P.A.I. & nonmetal - between (+)P.A.I. & (-)P.A.I. - between two or more nonmetals - within a P.A.I. - between H and a (-) P.A.I. - between two or more metals - due to a transfer of electrons - due to a sharing of electrons - due to a mobile sea of electrons Nonpolar Covalent BondingPolar Covalent Bonding - due to an equal sharing of electrons- due to an unequal sharing of electrons ionic and polar covalent bonding

19. Compounds, Bonding, and Energy Ex.(4) What kind(s) of bonding exists between the atoms in a sample of C (s) ? __________________________________ Ionic BondingCovalent bondingMetallic Bonding - between metal & nonmetal - between metal & (-)P.A.I. - between (+)P.A.I. & nonmetal - between (+)P.A.I. & (-)P.A.I. - between two or more nonmetals - within a P.A.I. - between H and a (-) P.A.I. - between two or more metals - due to a transfer of electrons - due to a sharing of electrons - due to a mobile sea of electrons Nonpolar Covalent BondingPolar Covalent Bonding - due to an equal sharing of electrons- due to an unequal sharing of electrons

20. Compounds, Bonding, and Energy Ex.(4) What kind(s) of bonding exists between the atoms in a sample of C (s) ? __________________________________ Ionic BondingCovalent bondingMetallic Bonding - between metal & nonmetal - between metal & (-)P.A.I. - between (+)P.A.I. & nonmetal - between (+)P.A.I. & (-)P.A.I. - between two or more nonmetals - within a P.A.I. - between H and a (-) P.A.I. - between two or more metals - due to a transfer of electrons - due to a sharing of electrons - due to a mobile sea of electrons Nonpolar Covalent BondingPolar Covalent Bonding - due to an equal sharing of electrons- due to an unequal sharing of electrons nonpolar covalent bonding

21. Compounds, Bonding, and Energy Ex.(5) What kind(s) of bonding exists between the atoms in a sample of Ag (s) ? __________________________________ Ionic BondingCovalent bondingMetallic Bonding - between metal & nonmetal - between metal & (-)P.A.I. - between (+)P.A.I. & nonmetal - between (+)P.A.I. & (-)P.A.I. - between two or more nonmetals - within a P.A.I. - between H and a (-) P.A.I. - between two or more metals - due to a transfer of electrons - due to a sharing of electrons - due to a mobile sea of electrons Nonpolar Covalent BondingPolar Covalent Bonding - due to an equal sharing of electrons- due to an unequal sharing of electrons

22. Compounds, Bonding, and Energy Ex.(5) What kind(s) of bonding exists between the atoms in a sample of Ag (s) ? __________________________________ Ionic BondingCovalent bondingMetallic Bonding - between metal & nonmetal - between metal & (-)P.A.I. - between (+)P.A.I. & nonmetal - between (+)P.A.I. & (-)P.A.I. - between two or more nonmetals - within a P.A.I. - between H and a (-) P.A.I. - between two or more metals - due to a transfer of electrons - due to a sharing of electrons - due to a mobile sea of electrons Nonpolar Covalent BondingPolar Covalent Bonding - due to an equal sharing of electrons- due to an unequal sharing of electrons metallic bonding

23. Compounds, Bonding, and Energy Ex.(6) What kind(s) of bonding exists between the atoms in the formula LiBr? __________________________________ Ionic BondingCovalent bondingMetallic Bonding - between metal & nonmetal - between metal & (-)P.A.I. - between (+)P.A.I. & nonmetal - between (+)P.A.I. & (-)P.A.I. - between two or more nonmetals - within a P.A.I. - between H and a (-) P.A.I. - between two or more metals - due to a transfer of electrons - due to a sharing of electrons - due to a mobile sea of electrons Nonpolar Covalent BondingPolar Covalent Bonding - due to an equal sharing of electrons- due to an unequal sharing of electrons

24. Compounds, Bonding, and Energy Ex.(6) What kind(s) of bonding exists between the atoms in the formula LiBr? __________________________________ Ionic BondingCovalent bondingMetallic Bonding - between metal & nonmetal - between metal & (-)P.A.I. - between (+)P.A.I. & nonmetal - between (+)P.A.I. & (-)P.A.I. - between two or more nonmetals - within a P.A.I. - between H and a (-) P.A.I. - between two or more metals - due to a transfer of electrons - due to a sharing of electrons - due to a mobile sea of electrons Nonpolar Covalent BondingPolar Covalent Bonding - due to an equal sharing of electrons- due to an unequal sharing of electrons ionic bonding

25. Compounds, Bonding, and Energy Ex.(7) What kind(s) of bonding exists between the atoms in a bronze alloy (Cu;Sn)? __________________________________ Ionic BondingCovalent bondingMetallic Bonding - between metal & nonmetal - between metal & (-)P.A.I. - between (+)P.A.I. & nonmetal - between (+)P.A.I. & (-)P.A.I. - between two or more nonmetals - within a P.A.I. - between H and a (-) P.A.I. - between two or more metals - due to a transfer of electrons - due to a sharing of electrons - due to a mobile sea of electrons Nonpolar Covalent BondingPolar Covalent Bonding - due to an equal sharing of electrons- due to an unequal sharing of electrons

26. Compounds, Bonding, and Energy Ex.(7) What kind(s) of bonding exists between the atoms in a bronze alloy (Cu;Sn)? __________________________________ Ionic BondingCovalent bondingMetallic Bonding - between metal & nonmetal - between metal & (-)P.A.I. - between (+)P.A.I. & nonmetal - between (+)P.A.I. & (-)P.A.I. - between two or more nonmetals - within a P.A.I. - between H and a (-) P.A.I. - between two or more metals - due to a transfer of electrons - due to a sharing of electrons - due to a mobile sea of electrons Nonpolar Covalent BondingPolar Covalent Bonding - due to an equal sharing of electrons- due to an unequal sharing of electrons metallic bonding

27. Compounds, Bonding, and Energy Ex.(8) What kind(s) of bonding exists between the atoms in the formula SO 3 2- ? __________________________________ Ionic BondingCovalent bondingMetallic Bonding - between metal & nonmetal - between metal & (-)P.A.I. - between (+)P.A.I. & nonmetal - between (+)P.A.I. & (-)P.A.I. - between two or more nonmetals - within a P.A.I. - between H and a (-) P.A.I. - between two or more metals - due to a transfer of electrons - due to a sharing of electrons - due to a mobile sea of electrons Nonpolar Covalent BondingPolar Covalent Bonding - due to an equal sharing of electrons- due to an unequal sharing of electrons

28. Compounds, Bonding, and Energy Ex.(8) What kind(s) of bonding exists between the atoms in the formula SO 3 2- ? __________________________________ Ionic BondingCovalent bondingMetallic Bonding - between metal & nonmetal - between metal & (-)P.A.I. - between (+)P.A.I. & nonmetal - between (+)P.A.I. & (-)P.A.I. - between two or more nonmetals - within a P.A.I. - between H and a (-) P.A.I. - between two or more metals - due to a transfer of electrons - due to a sharing of electrons - due to a mobile sea of electrons Nonpolar Covalent BondingPolar Covalent Bonding - due to an equal sharing of electrons- due to an unequal sharing of electrons polar covalent bonding

29. Compounds, Bonding, and Energy Ex.(9) What kind(s) of bonding exists between the atoms in a sample of hydrogen gas (H 2 )? __________________________________ Ionic BondingCovalent bondingMetallic Bonding - between metal & nonmetal - between metal & (-)P.A.I. - between (+)P.A.I. & nonmetal - between (+)P.A.I. & (-)P.A.I. - between two or more nonmetals - within a P.A.I. - between H and a (-) P.A.I. - between two or more metals - due to a transfer of electrons - due to a sharing of electrons - due to a mobile sea of electrons Nonpolar Covalent BondingPolar Covalent Bonding - due to an equal sharing of electrons- due to an unequal sharing of electrons

30. Compounds, Bonding, and Energy Ex.(9) What kind(s) of bonding exists between the atoms in a sample of hydrogen gas (H 2 )? __________________________________ Ionic BondingCovalent bondingMetallic Bonding - between metal & nonmetal - between metal & (-)P.A.I. - between (+)P.A.I. & nonmetal - between (+)P.A.I. & (-)P.A.I. - between two or more nonmetals - within a P.A.I. - between H and a (-) P.A.I. - between two or more metals - due to a transfer of electrons - due to a sharing of electrons - due to a mobile sea of electrons Nonpolar Covalent BondingPolar Covalent Bonding - due to an equal sharing of electrons- due to an unequal sharing of electrons nonpolar covalent bonding

31. Compounds, Bonding, and Energy Ex.(10) What kind(s) of bonding exists between the atoms in the formula NH 4 I? __________________________________ Ionic BondingCovalent bondingMetallic Bonding - between metal & nonmetal - between metal & (-)P.A.I. - between (+)P.A.I. & nonmetal - between (+)P.A.I. & (-)P.A.I. - between two or more nonmetals - within a P.A.I. - between H and a (-) P.A.I. - between two or more metals - due to a transfer of electrons - due to a sharing of electrons - due to a mobile sea of electrons Nonpolar Covalent BondingPolar Covalent Bonding - due to an equal sharing of electrons- due to an unequal sharing of electrons

32. Compounds, Bonding, and Energy Ex.(10) What kind(s) of bonding exists between the atoms in the formula NH 4 I? __________________________________ Ionic BondingCovalent bondingMetallic Bonding - between metal & nonmetal - between metal & (-)P.A.I. - between (+)P.A.I. & nonmetal - between (+)P.A.I. & (-)P.A.I. - between two or more nonmetals - within a P.A.I. - between H and a (-) P.A.I. - between two or more metals - due to a transfer of electrons - due to a sharing of electrons - due to a mobile sea of electrons Nonpolar Covalent BondingPolar Covalent Bonding - due to an equal sharing of electrons- due to an unequal sharing of electrons ionic and polar covalent bonding

33. Compounds, Bonding, and Energy Ex.(11) What kind(s) of bonding exists between the atoms in the formula CO 2 ? __________________________________ Ionic BondingCovalent bondingMetallic Bonding - between metal & nonmetal - between metal & (-)P.A.I. - between (+)P.A.I. & nonmetal - between (+)P.A.I. & (-)P.A.I. - between two or more nonmetals - within a P.A.I. - between H and a (-) P.A.I. - between two or more metals - due to a transfer of electrons - due to a sharing of electrons - due to a mobile sea of electrons Nonpolar Covalent BondingPolar Covalent Bonding - due to an equal sharing of electrons- due to an unequal sharing of electrons

34. Compounds, Bonding, and Energy Ex.(11) What kind(s) of bonding exists between the atoms in the formula CO 2 ? __________________________________ Ionic BondingCovalent bondingMetallic Bonding - between metal & nonmetal - between metal & (-)P.A.I. - between (+)P.A.I. & nonmetal - between (+)P.A.I. & (-)P.A.I. - between two or more nonmetals - within a P.A.I. - between H and a (-) P.A.I. - between two or more metals - due to a transfer of electrons - due to a sharing of electrons - due to a mobile sea of electrons Nonpolar Covalent BondingPolar Covalent Bonding - due to an equal sharing of electrons- due to an unequal sharing of electrons polar covalent bonding

35. Compounds, Bonding, and Energy Ex.(12) What kind(s) of bonding exists between the atoms in a sample of lead (Pb)? __________________________________ Ionic BondingCovalent bondingMetallic Bonding - between metal & nonmetal - between metal & (-)P.A.I. - between (+)P.A.I. & nonmetal - between (+)P.A.I. & (-)P.A.I. - between two or more nonmetals - within a P.A.I. - between H and a (-) P.A.I. - between two or more metals - due to a transfer of electrons - due to a sharing of electrons - due to a mobile sea of electrons Nonpolar Covalent BondingPolar Covalent Bonding - due to an equal sharing of electrons- due to an unequal sharing of electrons

36. Compounds, Bonding, and Energy Ex.(12) What kind(s) of bonding exists between the atoms in a sample of lead (Pb)? __________________________________ Ionic BondingCovalent bondingMetallic Bonding - between metal & nonmetal - between metal & (-)P.A.I. - between (+)P.A.I. & nonmetal - between (+)P.A.I. & (-)P.A.I. - between two or more nonmetals - within a P.A.I. - between H and a (-) P.A.I. - between two or more metals - due to a transfer of electrons - due to a sharing of electrons - due to a mobile sea of electrons Nonpolar Covalent BondingPolar Covalent Bonding - due to an equal sharing of electrons- due to an unequal sharing of electrons metallic bonding

37. Compounds, Bonding, and Energy Ex.(13) What kind(s) of bonding exists between the atoms in the formula NaClO? __________________________________ Ionic BondingCovalent bondingMetallic Bonding - between metal & nonmetal - between metal & (-)P.A.I. - between (+)P.A.I. & nonmetal - between (+)P.A.I. & (-)P.A.I. - between two or more nonmetals - within a P.A.I. - between H and a (-) P.A.I. - between two or more metals - due to a transfer of electrons - due to a sharing of electrons - due to a mobile sea of electrons Nonpolar Covalent BondingPolar Covalent Bonding - due to an equal sharing of electrons- due to an unequal sharing of electrons

38. Compounds, Bonding, and Energy Ex.(13) What kind(s) of bonding exists between the atoms in the formula NaClO? __________________________________ Ionic BondingCovalent bondingMetallic Bonding - between metal & nonmetal - between metal & (-)P.A.I. - between (+)P.A.I. & nonmetal - between (+)P.A.I. & (-)P.A.I. - between two or more nonmetals - within a P.A.I. - between H and a (-) P.A.I. - between two or more metals - due to a transfer of electrons - due to a sharing of electrons - due to a mobile sea of electrons Nonpolar Covalent BondingPolar Covalent Bonding - due to an equal sharing of electrons- due to an unequal sharing of electrons ionic and polar covalent bonding

39. Compounds, Bonding, and Energy Ex.(14) What kind(s) of bonding exists between the atoms in the formula H 2 S? __________________________________ Ionic BondingCovalent bondingMetallic Bonding - between metal & nonmetal - between metal & (-)P.A.I. - between (+)P.A.I. & nonmetal - between (+)P.A.I. & (-)P.A.I. - between two or more nonmetals - within a P.A.I. - between H and a (-) P.A.I. - between two or more metals - due to a transfer of electrons - due to a sharing of electrons - due to a mobile sea of electrons Nonpolar Covalent BondingPolar Covalent Bonding - due to an equal sharing of electrons- due to an unequal sharing of electrons

40. Compounds, Bonding, and Energy Ex.(14) What kind(s) of bonding exists between the atoms in the formula H 2 S? __________________________________ Ionic BondingCovalent bondingMetallic Bonding - between metal & nonmetal - between metal & (-)P.A.I. - between (+)P.A.I. & nonmetal - between (+)P.A.I. & (-)P.A.I. - between two or more nonmetals - within a P.A.I. - between H and a (-) P.A.I. - between two or more metals - due to a transfer of electrons - due to a sharing of electrons - due to a mobile sea of electrons Nonpolar Covalent BondingPolar Covalent Bonding - due to an equal sharing of electrons- due to an unequal sharing of electrons polar covalent bonding

41. Compounds, Bonding, and Energy Binary Compounds: A binary compound is a compound composed of two elements. NaClH 2 ONH 3 CH 4 Ternary Compounds: A ternary compound is a compound composed of three elements. C 6 H 12 O 6 CH 3 OHNH 4 NO 3 MgSO 4 Quaternary Compounds: A quaternary compound is a compound composed of four elements. NH 4 ClO 3 H 2 NCH 2 COOHPb(C 2 H 3 O 2 ) 2

42. Compounds, Bonding, and Energy Ionic Compounds: An ionic compound is a compound with ionic bonding present. An ionic compound must have ionic bonding, but it can also have covalent bonding as well. An ionic compound will always begin with either a metal or the polyatomic ion ammonium.

43. Compounds, Bonding, and Energy Covalent Compounds: A covalent compound is a compound with ONLY covalent bonding. A covalent compound will always begin with either hydrogen or a nonmetal. A covalent compound will never begin with a metal nor a polyatomic ion.

44. Compounds, Bonding, and Energy Ex.(1) What kind of compound is HClO? _______________ and _______________ Ex.(2) What kind of compound is FeO? _______________ and _______________ Ex.(3) What kind of compound is NH 4 NO 3 ? _______________ and _______________ Ex.(4) What kind of compound is HCl? _______________ and _______________ ternary covalent binary ionic ternary ionic binary covalent

45. Compounds, Bonding, and Energy Ex.(5) What kind of compound is Hg 2 Cl 2 ? _______________ and _______________ Ex.(6) What kind of compound is HNO 3 ? _______________ and _______________ Ex.(7) What kind of compound is Pb(C 2 H 3 O 2 ) 2 ? _______________ and _______________ Ex.(8) What kind of compound is C 12 H 22 O 11 ? _______________ and _______________ binary ionic ternary covalent quarternary ionic ternary covalent