1. Cell Factory

2. What is this?

3. Microscopes Different types of microscopes
Light microscope-magnifies images by focusing light on them
Most commonly used
Compound- have two lenses
Stains may be added to make objects more visible
Electron microscopes- magnifies images a 1000X’s more than light microscopes by focusing a beam of electrons on them
SEM
TEM

5. A Foot of a Housefly Using SEM

6. Modern Cell Theory Cell Theory:
Cells are the smallest working units of life
All living things are made of cells
All cells come from pre-existing cells
Cheek cells

7. Cell Factory The cell is like a factory
People and machines perform functions in a factory
There are parts of a cell that also perform different functions

8. Cell Factory All factories produce a product. CELL PRODUCT=PROTEINS
Cell’s DNA codes for proteins!
All cells in an organism have the same DNA, but different cell types produce different proteins.
What is needed to build a protein?

9. 4 Parts of All Cells 1. Cytoplasm- watery substance inside all cells
2. Cell membrane (plasma membrane)- “door” to the factory that’s made of lipids and proteins
It is a phospholipid bilayer
Selectively-permeable- only certain things pass through
Aids in homeostasis for stable internal conditions

10. Phospholipid Structure

11. 4 Parts of All Cells 3. Ribosomes -“assembly line workers”
They build proteins
Found all over cell
Proteins are either used by cell or shipped out to other cells
4. Genetic material
DNA
RNA

12. Two Main Types of Cells Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Bacteria
Small
No organelles except ribosomes
No nucleus
Simple
Eukaryotic
Anything other than bacteria, like plants and animals, have these cells
Large cells
Organelles
True nucleus
Complex

13. Eukaryotic Organelles
Nucleus-“central office” of the cell that contains DNA where most cell activity is started
DNA carries instructions for how to build proteins
Nucleus is surrounded by a porous membrane. Why?
The nucleolus, is found in the nucleus and makes the ribosomes.

14. Eukaryotic Organelles
Mitochondria- “powerhouse” of the cell
The process of cellular respiration releases chemical energy from carbs to make ATP when oxygen is present
C6H12O6 (glucose) + O2 → CO2 + H2O + energy(ATP)
Some cells have more than others—why?
Contain DNA also
Oxygen
and glucose in
Carbon dioxide,
water, and ATP
produced

15. Eukaryotic Organelles
Endoplasmic reticulum -“highway” system throughout inside of cell
Materials can travel on it throughout the cell
Rough ER (has ribosomes) vs. Smooth ER

16. Eukaryotic Organelles
Golgi apparatus-“packaging center” of the cell
Puts finishing touches on proteins
Prepares them for shipment out of the cell

17. Eukaryotic Organelles
Lysosome –“recycling center”
Repairs damaged cell parts.
Sometimes parts are beyond repair.

18. Eukaryotic Organelles
Vacuoles- “storerooms” in plant and animal cells.
What would they store?
If they shrivel, so does the cell

19. 2 Types of Eukaryotic Cells
There are two main types of eukaryotic cells
Plant-like
Animal-like

20. Plant-like Eukaryotic Cells
Have:
Large vacuoles…Why?
A cell membrane that is surrounded by a cell wall
Made of cellulose, a carb
Gives plant cells support and structure which protect s cell from bursting when vacuoles swell with water
Chloroplasts so can make own carbs through photosynthesis
Chlorophyll-green pigment in chloroplasts that gathers sunlight
Have DNA like mitochondria

21. Photosynthesis Source of energy for ALL life on Earth!!! Reactants
Water
Carbon Dioxide
Sunlight
Products
Oxygen gas
Glucose (a carb)

22. Photosynthesis

23. Animal-like Eukaryotic Cells
Have:
Only a cell membrane
No chloroplasts for photosynthesis so must consume food for energy
Small vacuoles

24. Endosymbiotic Theory
Endosymbiotic Theory -mitochondria and chloroplasts were once prokaryotic cells that were taken in by other prokaryotes.
Creation of first eukaryotic “organelles”
Prokaryotes evolved into eukaryotes
Endosymbiotic Theory

25. Cell Transport

26. Cell Transport Cells need:
water, oxygen, and nutrients to get in through the cell membrane so they may use them
wastes, proteins, hormones, and other particles to leave
Cell transport – the movement of particles through the cell membrane into or out of the cell
NUTRIENTS
WATER
WASTE
OXYGEN
CARBON DIOXIDE

27. Cell Membranes ALL CELLS HAVE A CELL MEMBRANE
Cell membrane- two layered “door” to the factory that’s made of lipids and proteins
Selectively-permeable-only certain things pass through
Aids in homeostasis—maintaining stable conditions within the cell

28. Cell Membranes

29. Phospholipid Structure
Each phospholipid of the cell membrane has two ends:
Hydrophilic = “water loving” head
Hydrophobic = “water fearing” tail

30. Cell Membrane Structure

31. Cell Membrane Proteins
Receptor proteins- allow cells to talk to one another
Cells send “messages” and others receive them with receptors.
Hormones-cellular messages Ex.) Testosterone

32. Cell Membrane Proteins
Marker proteins -gives your cells an “identity”
Distinguishes your cells from other cells
Blood and tissue types
Immune system
A marker
B marker
A and B markers
No marker

33. Cell Membrane Proteins
Channel proteins -allow molecules to pass through the membrane
Create a channel through the lipids of the membrane
Selective about what passes through

34. Natural Movement of Particles
Things move naturally from high to low concentrations.
Spray of perfume
Fart
Cooking popcorn
Nutrients in bloodstream
Start out highly concentrated, but molecules move outward to areas of low concentration
Very low or no
concentration
High
concentration

35. Which container has the highest concentration of particles?
What would happen to the particles
if we connected containers A and C?

36. Natural Movement of Particles
Movement of particle across cells membranes work the same way
The cell creates an environment inside that may be different from the outside
If the concentrations are different between the inside of the cell and the outside, particles and molecules will move until they are equal inside and out

37. are molecules that can pass through the cell membrane
is a cell membrane
A) B)
Draw arrows representing which way
the molecules will naturally move

38. Particles
Different particles are transported differently across the cell membrane
The cell membrane is selective
Smaller molecules can pass through
Larger molecules and charged molecules cannot.

39. Cell Transport
Two types of transport of particles across the cell membrane:
Passive—no energy (ATP)
Active—takes energy (ATP)

40. Passive vs. Active Transport
Passive transport – type of movement of particles across the cell membrane from high to low concentrations with no energy (ATP) needed
“Paddling with the current”
Types of passive transport
Diffusion
Osmosis
Active transport is just the opposite…low to high that requires energy

41. Passive Transport -Diffusion
Diffusion – natural movement of particles from high to low concentration
Passive-no ATP needed
Occurs until equilibrium is reached
This is how some things are transported through the cell membrane
High oxygen concentration in blood from breathing diffuses into blood cells

42. Passive Transport -Osmosis
Why do I care?
Osmosis-diffusion of water across the cell membrane from high to low concentrations
Passive-no ATP needed
Water passes easily through the semi-permeable cell membrane.

43. Is There Such a Thing as Too Much Water?
Water can go through the cell membrane very easily
High concentrations of water in your blood will move into your cells
Why should I care?