1. Chapter 3

2. Steps to Preparing Speech  1-Determine the Speech Purpose  2-Select a Topic  3-Analyze the Audience  4-Develop Main Points  5-Conduct Research and Develop Supporting Points  6-Organize and Outline  7-Practice  8-Deliver Speech

3. 1. Determine Speech Purposes  General Speech Purpose -inform, persuade, special occasion  To Inform-people, objects, events, issues, processes, concepts  To Persuade-argument which has alternative side  Special Occasion-introductory, acceptance, toasts, roasts, eulogies, cultural artifact

4. 2. Topic Selection…  Choosing a Topic-brainstorm and think of ……. -Interests, Current Events, Controversial issues -Avoid common/overdone topics -Relate to audience  Narrow down topic-focus on specific aspects of topic  Write thesis statement  single statement-central idea of speech-connects all parts of speech  shows what you will try to prove in case of persuasive speech  comes at end of introduction  most important statement

5. 3. Audience Analysis  Audience Centered Approach Speech topic, information, delivery, style, language, etc should be determined based on audience needs  Get to know your listeners ○ Who are they, what are they interested in, what would grab their attention, etc.. Interviews Questionnaires

6. 4. Develop Main Points  Main Points express key ideas and major themes that will fulfill the speech purpose ○ Usually 3-4 main points ○ Main Points are the “main” areas of topic you will focus on-they are general ideas ○ Usually most important elements of topic ○ Support thesis ○ Unity, coherence and balance between main points

7. 5. Develop Supporting Points (Research)  Provides detail on main points/further develops and backs up main points  Supporting Material includes world of information available to speaker ○ Examples ○ Statistics ○ Facts  Follow up with sub-supporting points if necessary

8. Example A-Main Point 1-High passing rate of board exam 1-Last year, 89% who took the test passed after their first time. 2-95% passed after taking test the second time around. B-Main Point 2-Experienced Faculty teaching courses 1-Attended good schools 2-Have experience-# of years teaching 3-Worked at top hospitals in the nation C-Main Point 3-Provide hands on experience. 1-This many hours of practice 2-Provide real life situations to practice with 3-Have best tools needed for clinical practice

9. 6. Organize and Outline  Process of organizing parts of speech Use headings to label different parts Indent Follow outline format Use transitions

10.  7-Practice Out loud Several times Try to have audience of few people  8-Deliver

11. Main Parts to Speech/Outline Introduction – Attention Getter/Introduction to Topic – Establish Credibility – Thesis Statement – Preview Statement Body – Main Points-key ideas & major themes (usually 3-4 of them) – Supporting Material-supports & backs up main points Sub-Supporting Points-elaborates on supporting material if necessary Conclusion – Wrap Up – Summarize Main Points – Interesting Closing

12. Introduction  Attention Getter/Introduction to Topic  Stories, Anecdotes, Quotes, Rhetorical Question, Fact, Startling Statistic, Humor, Joke  Establishment of Credibility Be well prepared and confident Tell audience about your personal experience with topic Common Ground with audience  Thesis-claim, single statement, connects speech, last sentence  Preview-tells audience what pain points you will discuss

13. Sample Attention Getters “It’s Saturday morning, and you are helping clean out your grandmother’s attic. After working a while, you stumble upon a trunk, open it, and discover inside hundreds of old postcards. Thinking about getting to the football game on time, you start tossing the cards into the trash can. Congratulations! You have just thrown away a year’s tuition” “In 31 states, a blind man can be licensed to drive. In 5 states, just send in your check and they will send back your renewed license, no questions asked. In 1916 my grandfather got his license for the first time. No exam was required; no exam has been required since. Ever wonder why our highways seem a bit unsafe today”

14. Sample Thesis Statements  Although fad diets produce quick weight loss, they can lead to serious health problems by creating deficiencies in vitamins and minerals and by breaking down muscle tissue as well as fat.  Played on a smaller, enclosed field that resembles a hockey rink with artificial turf, indoor soccer involves faster action, more scoring, and different strategies than outdoor soccer.  Mexico’s Yucatan Peninsula has many attractions for vacationers, including a warm climate, excellent food, and extensive Mayan ruins

15. Sample Preview Statements Illiteracy among athletes must be stopped. In order to fully grasp the significance of this problem, we will look at the root of it, and then move to its effects, and finally, we will look at the solution. In the following presentation, I will discuss what global warming is, its possible causes and the impact it has on the environment. The following speech will examine the economic, social and political implications that will result from legalizing the death penalty in the United States.

16. Transitions Transition/Signposts  Conjunctions, phrases, words  Allow you to move smoothly from one idea to the next in speech  Ex. Next, first, we now turn to, finally, similarly 1-Restate-forecast form-Transition restates the point just covered and previews what is next. 2-Previews-Internal previews 3-Internal Summaries-Review of ideas

17. Outlining Speech  2 types of outlines Working Outline/Preparation Outline  Rough draft outlines-preparation  Used to brainstorm main points and supporting points Speaking Outline/Delivery Outline  Final version-used to practice

18. Different Ways to Outline Sentence Outlines  Use full sentences-prevents memory lapse  Good for remembering specific details  May distract & limit eye contact when used during speaking Phrase Outlines  Partial construction of sentences.  Phrases written to remind speaker of ideas  Greater eye contact, require more memory, must rehearse Key word Outlines  (single words or brief phrases)-good for speaking, greater eye contact

19. Format of Outline-Roman numeral outline is most common - using indentation between main and supporting points (coordination and subordination) EXAMPLE II. Body A. Main Point #1 1. Supporting Points a. Sub-supporting points b. Sub-supporting points 2. Supporting Points a. Sub-supporting points B. Main Point #2

20. Arranging Main Points 1-Topical/Categorical 2-Chronological 3-Spatial/geographical 4-Cause/effect 5-Problem/Solution 6-Narrative 7-Advantage/Disadvantage 8-Circular Pattern of Arragement

21. 1-Topical or Categorical  Stresses natural divisions in a topic  Used when each main point is equally important and can be placed in any order without changing msg.  Gives greatest freedom to organize Examples:  Why certain cities are good to live in  Why we should vote for a particular candidate for president  Different majors available in college

22. 2-Chronological  Used to reflect natural sequential order of main points  Shows main points in progression or in time order  Like a time line Examples:  Historical accounts of events  Lives of historical people  Advances in technology  The way something has developed throughout time

23. 3-Spatial/Geographical  Used when purpose is to describe physical arrangement of a place, scene, object  Usually arranged in order of physical proximity or closeness to each other Examples: Layouts of cities  Parts of machines or equipment  Vacation spots to visit  Giving a tour of a particular place

24. 4-Cause/effect  Used when main points describe a cause and effect relationship  One MP can describe why something happens and another can describe the effects of it Examples:  How certain diseases are contracted and the effects  Pollution-ways we pollute earth and effects of it

25. 5-Problem/Solution  When main points describe a particular problem and offer solution  One MP describes the problem and another proposes a solution Examples:  Illness-describe the problem which is the disease and offer a solution  Pollution-describe the problems with it and offer solutions or ways to prevent

26. 6-Narrative  When speech consist of stories or a series of short stories  These type of speeches use other arrangements as a combination as well

27. 7-Advantage/Disadvantage  Listing Pros and Cons

28. 8-Circular Pattern  one idea leads to another, which leads to another, etc..until they arrive back at thesis