1. Iris nigricans Iridaceae

2. Arum dioscoredis Araceae

3. Source: Crocus hymalis, Crocus alepcus Iridaceae Arabic name: الزعفران Main constituent: carotenoid pigment ”crocin,picrocrocin” Main use: antioxidant, anticancer activity against a wide spectrum of tumors, such as leukemia, ovarian carcinoma, improving blood circulation and curing the bruise.

4. Crocus alepcus

5. Crocus hymalis

6. Source: seed and root of Aristolochia maurorum Aristolochiaceae Arabic name: خيار الغنم,آذان القط Main constituent: aristolochic acid alkaloids Main use: antiplatelet, cytotoxic, antidote in snakebite.

7. Aristolochia maurorum

9. Source: leaves and legumes of Cassia senna Fabaceae Arabic name: سنامكة Main constituent: anthraquinone glycosides Main use: laxative

10. senna

12. Source: flowers and corm of Colchicum stevenii Liliaceae Arabic name: اللحلاح Main constituent: colchicine alkaloid Main use: Gout, familial medeterian fever ”FMF”.

13. colchicum

15. Source: Eruca sativa Crucifera Arabic name: الجرجير Main constituent: flavonoid Main use: antioxidant, reputation as a remedy of renal ailments

17. Source: flowers of Hyoscyamus aureos البنج“”, and unripe fruit of Mandragora autumnalis تفاح المجانين“ family Solanaaceae Main constituent: tropane alkaloids Main use: antispasmodic, motion sickness, muscle relaxant in surgery room, antidote in organophosphurus compound poisoning.

18. Hyoscyamus

20. Mandragora autumnalis

21. Source: leaves of Mentha piperta Lamiaceae Arabic name: نعنع Main constituent: flavonoids and volatile oil Main use: carminative, antiseptic for irritable bowel syndrome.