1. The Rise of Authoritarian Regimes

2. Lesson Objectives for Today You will be able to: (a) define the concept of authoritarianism (b) illustrate the brief history of Russia (c) analyse the system of succession in the Communist Party

3. What does authoritarian mean? exercising complete or almost complete control over the will of another or of others

4. Examples? Authoritarian parent: doesn’t let you explain yourself; doesn’t give you freedom of choice, etc. Authoritarian teacher: doesn’t allow you to do an assignment in any other way except for his way; inflexible Authoritarian leader: people often have no say; whatever he says goes

5. Some words associated with “authoritarianism” CONTROL INFLEXIBLE STRICT RULES VIOLENCE POSESSIVE SUSPICION OVERPOWERING

6. What then is an authoritarian regime?

7. Discussion 1 A regime is a rule or a reign by one person or a group of people forming a government So authoritarian regime = ? Go to the discussion board and post what you think an authoritarian regime might mean. It doesn’t have to be a line. Could include examples that you know off too.

8. Case Studies of Authoritarian Regimes These 3 are the sub-topics of this chapter. We are interested to know how such regimes managed to rise and rule these countries so strongly and also what it was like for adults and children living in this kind of regime. Communist Russia Nazi Germany Military/Fascist Japan

9. Communist russia Looking at Russia first

10. A Recap of where we left Russia off in chapter 1 Russia left WW1 early – surrendered to Germany Signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk – lost a lot of land/resources

11. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk Russia lost: 80% of coalmines 50% of industry 26% of railways 26% of population 25% of land So a lot of work needed to be done to repair and recover these lost income for the country.

12. What happened exactly in Russia? 2 revolutions shook Russia that ended the system of monarchy (king in charge) and started Communism (Revolution: The overthrow of a government or social system by force, usually involving bloodshed, leading to a new form of government) Feb and October 1917

13. Upper Class. Most power, wealth and land Middle Class. Skilled and educated workers. Some power and some land. Lower Class. Agricultural and industrial urban workers. Least power, least wealth and no land. Russian society under the Tsars

14. UPPER CLASSES- ARISTOCRACY

15. New Upper Class- Rich Industrialists (Capitalists)

17. Middle class

19. Working Class-proletariat.

22. Problems with Tsarist rule Peasants moved to city to work in factory towns Very bad living conditions Lost! Embarrassing! Russians hated him more! Men called to fight, nobody worked on land Food all sent to troops, little left for people Tsar went to lead troops Wife Queen Alexandra ruled

23. People Looked for an Alternative

24. An ideology is a system of ideas, principles, and values that characterize the belief system of a community

25. IDEOLOGY Idea formed by someone/group Values decidedPrinciples made

26. Communism-Karl Marx. A specter is haunting Europe-the Specter of Communism

27. Class struggle has/is the main driving force of history. The class struggle is driven by economics (desire for wealth). In the modern industrial world the stage was set for a confrontation between the Bourgeoisie (the capitalists)

28. And the exploited industrial proletariat (the working class). Driven by greed the capitalists exploit the growing proletariat. As the proletariat increases in numbers, misery and political awareness, heightened class hatred will bring about a REVOLUTION of the proletariat and the end of the Capitalists.

29. A new world-A classless Society. After the revolution economic production will be in the hands of the state, that is the proletariat, organized as the ruling class. Because ownership will be in common, class distinctions will disappear and a new fair society created.

30. Vladimir Lenin Led the Bolshevik Party Led the Communist Revolution

31. Communist Rule Land: Lenin took land from the Tsar, nobles, landowners and redistributed it to peasants Peace: Negotiations to end the war with Germany were to begin at once The Secret Police: A secret police, the Cheka, was set up to suppress opposition The Press: All non-Bolshevik newspapers were banned Factories: These were put under the control of elected committees of workers

32. Lenin ruled for 7 years and fell ill Who would succeed as the new Communist leader and the new leader of Russia?

33. He wrote a testament… He talked about proposing changes to the structure of the party and government He criticised some party members especially those potential successors

34. Discussion 2 Read Lenin’s Testament and look out for these names (potential successors): Bukharin, Stalin, Trotsky, Zinoviev, Kamenev and rank in order of most preferred to least, whom Lenin wanted to succeed him on the discussion board CC (central committee means the most important part of the Party; the decision-making body)

35. How does one get “nominated” as leader in Communist Russia? You become the most powerful (you need to have the most number of supporters) NOT by votes or money; just power

36. Why is this testament so important? If CP members read the testament by Lenin even after he died, they would probably heed his advice He was a man who was highly regarded and respected But, it was suppressed and hidden

37. Discussion 3 Download the document titled “Biographies” of the potential candidates and read them Who would you choose is you were a communist member and why? Post thoughts onto discussion.

38. So who won this contest for power? Josef Stalin did How did he do it? Through manipulation, back- stabbing, good planning, playing on rivals’ weaknesses, etc.

39. What’s in store next lesson? Look at the factors which contributed to the rise of Stalin, the man who ruled Russia with an iron fist for about 3 decades…