1. Giving Statistical Mechanics The Shakes: Analogies Between Ideal Gases and Granular Systems Justin Mitchell, Aaron Coyner, Matthew Olson, Rebecca Ragar, Jeffery Wagner, Adrienne McVey, Justin Eskridge, Erin Lewallen, Ian Zedalis, Shawn Jackson, Michael Wilson* The University of Tulsa *Currently at National Research Council

2. Granular Systems? We know systems of 10 23 or 2 particles. This neglects dunes, avalanches and other systems. Granular systems involve dust, sand, powder, and grains. We investigate statistics of driven systems.

3. Inelastic Collapse Each inelastic collision will remove energy. Many collisions will cause system to collapse. Energy in and out will define our granular phase.

4. Project Description Goals Look for definitive inelastic collapse of a 3-d granular system in zero gravity. Determine parameters necessary for a granular gas, the precursor to collapse. * É. Falcon et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 80. 440 (1999). Methods Preliminary testing on NASA KC-135A low gravity aircraft Future flight on Space Shuttle Testing on sounding rocket *

5. Why Investigate Granular Gases? Large granular systems, such as planets, are not well understood. Asteroids, planetary rings, etc. are not fully explained by gravity because sizes are too small for gravity to act alone. Inelastic collapse models provide plausible method for formation of these smaller objects. Small scale granular gas studies allow for lab testing of the models on reasonable time scales.

6. Experimental Description Box set: 8 sapphire walled cubes, 1 in 3 each. Box set mechanically shaken sinusoidally along body diagonal. Each cube has one free wall attached to a piezoelectric sensor. Video cameras view 3 orthogonal box set faces.

7. Box Set as Flown on KC- 135A

8. System Acceleration Shaking direction is perpendicular to mean effective gravity. In “microgravity” the residual acceleration is ~0.03 g earth. Residual acceleration is usually pointed up. shaking g earth Residual acceleration

9. Granular Phases Solid Grains pack in one corner Fluid Grains slosh around box walls Gas ~uniform distribution of kinetic grains g residual

10. Phase Diagram o  =A  2 /g residual   is the ratio of wall acceleration to g residual   diverges as g residual goes to zero. o Wall acceleration, density and g residual define the phase.

11. Recent Work Second KC-135 flight Free floating experiment. No system accelerations until bumped. Lower shaking accelerations. Further testing before shuttle flight.

12. Clustering Into Lattice Lattice Random

13. Conclusion Clusters are stable and keep a lattice. Clusters only exist in slow shaking (~4Hz). Gases form for all shaking parameters. Only solid for non-shaking system. Partial proof of concept. Experiment is ready for a shuttle flight.