1. Ocean Fundamentals

2. 388 billion billion gallons Percentage of total earth water = 97% Volume: 316 million cubic miles

3. 6000 feet deep ( > 1mile)

4. Southern Ocean International Hydrographic Organization, 2000 The Oceans of the World

5. The World Ocean Black Sea, Caspian Sea, Mediterranean Sea

6. The World Ocean Strait of Gibraltar Mediterranean

7. Black Sea Connected to Mediterranean By the Bosporus strait.

8. Caspian Sea Largest Inland Body of Water (Lake?) Endorheic Sea 143,000 sq. mi.) Volga

9. Lake Superior largest freshwater lake in the world by surface area

10. Southern Ocean

11. World Oceans by Size 1. Pacific (155,557,000 sq km) 2. Atlantic (76,762,000 sq km) 3. Indian (68,556,000 sq km) 4. Southern (20,327,000 sq km) 5. Arctic (14,056,000 sq km) Total area: 140 million square miles (70% of earth’s surface)

12. Ocean Deeps Pacific 14,000 ft Atlantic 12,900 ft Indian 12,700 ft Southern12,000 ft Arctic 4,300 ft Overall Average Depth:2.33 miles Averages

13. Ocean Deeps Pacific Mariana Trench 35,827 ft Atlantic Puerto Rico Trench 30,246 ft Indian Java Trench 24,460 ft Arctic Arctic Basin 18,456 ft Southern Ocean (greatest depth in dispute) Greatest Depth?

14. Japan Mariana Trench

15. Land and Sea 35,827 ft 28,667 ft 2,818 ft 12,085 ft

16. Determining Ocean Depths

17. Ocean Depths 1872 - 1876 68,890 nautical miles H.M.S. Challenger Soundings to 26,850 feet How do we measure Ocean depths now?

18. Sonar (Sound Navigation and Ranging)

19. The higher the frequency, the more efficiently sound will be reflected. Reflection of Sound The highest frequency the human ear can perceive: 18,000 – 20,000 htz.

20. Piezoelectricity Pierre Curie, 1880 tourmaline, quartz, topaz 2 Mhz

22. Extra Credit Questions: 1.The largest ocean by area 2. The smallest ocean by area 3. The greatest ocean depth is found in ____ 4. The average depth of the oceans 5. SONAR stands for _____________ Answer on back of lecture question sheet You may use your notes

23. Ocean Currents and Climate

24. Ocean Surface Currents 1. Solar Heating (temp, density) 2. Winds 3. Coriolis Forces

25. Density Mass (g) Volume (cm 3 ) Solar Heating and Density Water Expands as it is heated

26. Solar Heating Heat expands water near the Equator Increasing its volume and creating a bulge Equator

27. Solar Heating equator N S Heat expands water near the Equator Increasing its volume and creating a bulge Water flows away from equator Water flows toward pole

28. equator pole Sun’s rays General Circulation Earth Ocean

29. General Circulation (North) Surface Water equator 30 o 1. Solar Heating 2. Winds 3. Coriolis

30. Winds Guide the Direction of Surface Water Winds blow to the west between 0 o and 30 o latitude. 30 o 0o0o

31. General Circulation (North) Surface Water wind equator 30 o

32. The Coriolis force deflects objects To the right of the direction of motion.

33. East wind Winds plus Coriolis Force East winds blow water to the west, Coriolis deflects water to the right (east). equator 30 o

34. East wind West wind Winds plus Coriolis Force Coriolis deflects water to the right in the direction of travel (east). Above 30 o, westerlies push water to the east. equator 30 o

35. East wind West wind Water encounters land and is deflected north and south. The bulk is deflected to the south, and Coriolis deflects it to the right Below 30 o, moving water encounters east wind and is moved to the west

36. Atlantic Gyre

37. Temperature/Energy Transfer cool warm cool Heat Capacity

38. Practical Heat Transport

39. Ireland England Spain Gulf Stream

40. Ireland England Spain cornwall

41. Next: Ocean Salinity