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Skeletal System Part II
Biology 2121
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Bone Surface Markings Depressions and Openings Processes
Fissures, foramens, fossa’s and a meatus Processes Form joints Condyles, heads, facets Form attachment points for CT Epicondyle, crest, spinous process, trochanter, tubercle, tuberosity
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Fissures, Foramens, Fossas, etc.
Eye Socket – Fissures Superior and inferior orbital fissures Optic Canal Foramens Foramen Magnum Mental Foramen Jugular Foramen Meatus Internal and External Acoustic meatus Fossa Mandibular Fossa
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Sinuses
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Processes That Form Joints
Condyles Tibial Condyles Mandibular Condyles Heads Humerus, Femur Facets Ribs
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Muscle and Ligament Attachment Sites – Projections
Upper and Lower Limbs Epicondyles – femur and humerus Trochanter – femur Tuberosity – Deltoid (humerus) Tubercle – humerus
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Projections- Ligament and Muscle Attachment– Other Locations
Vertebrae Spinous process Transverse process Pelvis Iliac spine Iliac crest
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Muscle and Ligament Attachments
Scapula Coracoid process Acromion
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The Skull 22 Cranial and Facial Bones
‘Flat Bones’ formed by intramembranous ossification Spongy bone in-between compact bone Cranial bones – held together by sutures Sutures are immovable joints (synarthrosis)
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The Vertebral Column Vertebral Regions Keeping them together
Longitudinal ligaments Intervertebral joints Intervetebral Discs Nucleus pulposus Annuls fibrosus “herniated discs” Superior and Inferior Articulating processes
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Vertebral Column Vertebral Foramen- Canal Intervertebral Foramina
Spinal Cord Intervertebral Foramina Spinal Nerves Rib Connection Thoracic – demifacets Transverse costal facets
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Sternum Ties it all Together
Anatomical Landmarks Jugular notch Sternal Angle Xiphisternal joint Clavicular Notch Sternoclavicular joint Coastal Cartilage and Ribs
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Upper Limb Notes Important Joints Glenohumeral Elbow Radiocarpal
Capitulum – Radial Head Trochlea – Coronoid process of Ulna Radiocarpal Radius and proximal carpals
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Pelvic-Hip Girdle Notes
Important Joints Coxal Sacroiliac Hip bones are called ‘ox coxae’ Three Regions Ilium Ischium Pubis
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Comparing the Male and Female Pelvis
Tilted forward more Cavity Bones are lighter, thinner Acetabula is smaller More rounded Male Pelvis Heavier, thicker More acute angle Cavity more narrow
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Lower Limb Notes Femur articulates with the pelvis
Hip – coxal joint Femur articulates with the lower leg bones Femoropatellar joint Tibiofibular joint Intertarsal joint Knee Joint
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The Foot Tarsus Arches of the Foot Seven bones Calcaneus Talus
Heel bone Talus Articulates with tibia and fibula Ankle! Arches of the Foot Talus – ‘keystone’ bone of medial longitudinal arch Cuboid – lateral longitudinal arch
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