1. Portraits Neoclassical or Romantic?

2. Neoclassicism
Neoclassicism is the name given to a Western movement in the decorative and visual arts and architecture that drew inspiration from the "classical" art and culture of Ancient Greece and Rome. 18th-century Neoclassical art responded to the perceived excesses of the contemporary Rococo style with a greater restraint in composition and severity of line. Neoclassical architecture emulated both classical and Renaissance (see Alberti’s façade of Sant’Andrea, Mantua, 1470) structures, emphasizing order and simplicity.
The subject-matter of Neoclassical art and literature was inspired by the emphasis on martial (military) courage recorded in the Greek and Latin epics (The Illiad, The Odyssey).

3. Neoclassicism
Neoclassicism was a movement begun primarily by one very influential man: Johann Winckelmann. Winckelmann published a pamphlet, Thoughts on the Imitation of Greek Work in Painting and Sculpture that was enormously influential.
In this pamphlet Winckelmann 1. attacked Rococo as “decadent” and 2. argued that only through the imitation of classical models could art become great once again.

4. Romanticism
Romanticism is a complex artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe.
In part, it was a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature, and was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature, but can be detected even in changed attitudes towards children and education.
In literature—among others—Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, William Blake, Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Mary Shelley, and John Keats.

5. Romanticism
The movement validated strong emotion as an authentic source of aesthetic experience, placing new emphasis on such emotions as trepidation, terror, horror and awe—especially that which is experienced in confronting the sublimity of untamed nature and its picturesque qualities, both new aesthetic categories.
In European painting, led by a new generation of the French school, the Romantic sensibility contrasted with the Neoclassicism being taught in the academies.
In literature—among others—Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, William Blake, Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Mary Shelley, and John Keats.

6. Romanticism
In a revived clash between color and design, the expressiveness of color, as in works of Turner, Gericault, and Delacroix, was emphasized in the new prominence of the brushstroke and impasto and in the artist's free handling of paint, which tended to be repressed in neoclassicism under a self-effacing finish.
In literature—among others—Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, William Blake, Lord Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley, Mary Shelley, and John Keats.

7. Jacques-Louis David Portrait of Antoine-Laurent and Marie-Anne Lavoisier 1788 Oil on canvas, 256 x 195 cm Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York
This work portrays one of the ideals of the Enlightenment: have faith in reason and empirical knowledge; after her marriage to Antoine-Laurent, Marie-Anne soon became interested in his scientific research and began to actively participate in his laboratory work; the majority of the research effort put forth in the laboratory was done by both together—and despite all this, Marie-Anne still was able to remain decorative….
Portrait of Antoine-Laurent and Marie-Anne Lavoisier 1788 Oil on canvas, 256 x 195 cm Metropolitan Musuem of Art, New York
Enlightenment Ideals…..

8. Jacques-Louis David Portrait of the Marquise d'Orvilliers 1790 oil on canvas, 131 x 98 cm Musée du Louvre, Paris
Portrait of the Marquise d'Orvilliers 1790 Oil on canvas, 131 x 98 cm Musée du Louvre, Paris
Restrained Neoclassicism…..

9. Jacques-Louis David Portrait of Madame Adélaide Pastoret oil on canvas, 130 x 97 cm Art Institute, Chicago
Portrait of Madame Adélaide Pastoret Oil on canvas, 130 x 97 cm Art Institute, Chicago
Restrained Neoclassicism…..

10. Jacques-Louis David Madame Raymond de Verninac 1798-99 oil on canvas, 145 x 112 cm
DAVID, Jacques-Louis Madame Raymond de Verninac Oil on canvas, 145 x 112 cm Musée du Louvre, Paris

11. Hugely Neoclassic…..
Jacques-Louis David Madame Récamier Oil on canvas x 244 cm Musée du Louvre, Paris

12. Élisabeth Vigee-Lebrun Portrait of Anna Pitt as Hebe 1792 Oil on canvas, 140 x 100cm The Hermitage, St. Petersburg
Hebe is the goddess of youth; she is the daughter of Zeus and Hera.
Is this a Neoclassical painting?

13. Hebe is the goddess of youth; she is the daughter of Zeus and Hera.
Joshua Reynolds Mrs. Musters as Hebe 1785 Oil on canvas, 239 x 144,8 cm
Hebe is the goddess of youth; she is the daughter of Zeus and Hera.
Is this a Neoclassical painting?
..this work reveals the desire to elevate portraiture to the level of history painting….just add a mythological or historical veneer—a costume….

14. Is this a Neoclassical painting? Is it a Romantic painting?
Joshua Reynolds Lady Elizabeth Delmé and her Children Oil on canvas, 239 x 147 cm
Is this a Neoclassical painting?
Is it a Romantic painting?
Is this a “good mother” painting?
REYNOLDS, Sir Joshua Lady Elizabeth Delmé and her Children Oil on canvas, 239 x 147 cm National Gallery of Art, Washington

15. Élisabeth Vigee-Lebrun Self-Portrait with Her Daughter, Julie 1786 Oil on wood, 105 x 84 cm
Is this a Neoclassical painting?
Is it a Romantic painting?
Is this a “good mother” painting?

16. Élisabeth Vigee-Lebrun Marie Antoinette with Her Children 1787 oil on canvas
Is it a Romantic painting?
Is this a “good mother” painting?
Is this a “history” painting?

17. Thomas Gainsborough Mr. and Mrs. Andrews 1748-49
Mr and Mrs Andrews Oil on canvas, 70 x 119 cm National Gallery, London
Thomas Gainsborough Mr. and Mrs. Andrews

18. Thomas Gainsborough Mr. and Mrs
Thomas Gainsborough Mr. and Mrs. William Hallett (The Morning Walk) 1785
Does this work emphasize one of the new values of the Enlightenment: the emphasis on nature and the natural as a source of goodness and beauty?
GAINSBOROUGH, Thomas Mr and Mrs William Hallett ('The Morning Walk') 1785 Oil on canvas, 236 x 179 cm National Gallery, London